1. Chapter Outline Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present I. The Vienna Settlement II. 1848: The Revolutionary Year III. Prussia and Austria IV. France: Second Empire and Third Republic V. Italy to 1914 VI. The United Kingdom VII. The United States VIII. Russia in Reform and Revolution IX. The “Eastern Question”

2. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. The Vienna Settlement A. The Congress of Vienna Lord Castlereagh, Great Britain Count von Hardenberg, Prussia Prince Klemens von Metternich, Austria Tsar Alexander I, Russia Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, France B. The Congress System Holy Alliance, 1815 Tsar Alexander I All but Britain, Sultan, Pope Quadruple Alliance, 1815 Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain > Quintuple Alliance, 1818 France

3. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. The Vienna Settlement C. Return of the Bourbons Louis XVIII (1815-24) Charles X (1824-30) Louis Philippe (1830-48) D. The French Influence in Belgium and Poland 1831, Belgian National Assembly elects Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha 1839, Belgium recognized “perpetually neutral” E. German and Italian Nationalism Burschenschaften, “liberal societies” Carlsbad Decrees, 1819 repressive Giuseppe Mazzini Young Italy

4. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. II. 1848: The Revolutionary Year A. France and the Second Republic 1846-47 Depression Second Republic (1848-51) Louis Blanc (1811-82) B. Germany and the Frankfurt Assembly Frederick William IV Frankfurt Assembly Declaration of the Rights of the German People

5. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. II. 1848: The Revolutionary Year C. Italy Uprisings, Sicily, Venice, Milan King Charles Albert of Sardinia new constitution Pope Pius IX 1848, opposition D. Hapsburg Monarchy Lajos Kossuth (1802-94) opposition Ferdinand I abdicates Franz Joseph succeeds Hungarians defeated 1849, Kossuth flees

6. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. III. Prussia and Austria A. Bismarck as Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck (1815-98) 1862, prime minister Realpolitik B. The Danish and Austrian Wars 1864, war over Schleswig and Holstein Holstein to Austria Schleswig to Prussia Seven Weeks War against Austria C. The War with France 1870, France declares war > 1871, Treat of Frankfurt Alsace, part of Lorraine to Germany

7. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. III. Prussia and Austria D. The Second German Reich 1871, William I becomes Kaiser Bundesrat Reichstag Bismarck as Chancellor Kulturkampf anti-Catholic policies Social Democrats Ferdinand Lassalle (1825-64) Kaiser William II, 1888 E. The Decline of Austria The Dual Monarchy 1867, Ausgleich (“compromise”) creation of Austria-Hungary

8. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IV. France: Second Empire and Third Republic A. The Second Empire 1848, Louis Napoleon elected president 1852, declares himself Napoleon III Second Empire, 1852-70 B. The Third Republic 1871, Paris Commune Communards C. Boulanger and Dreyfus General Georges Boulanger (1837-91) calls for vengeance against Germany Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935) Major Esterhazy Émile Zola (1840-1902) J'accuse > reaction against church 1906, Dreyfus found innocent

9. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VI. Italy to 1914 A. Italian Unification Victor Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-61) 1852, Prime Minister of Sardinia Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-92) Red Shirts 1861, Kingdom of Italy papal opposition 1870, Rome taken 1871, capital of Italy B. The New Italian State 1871, Law of Papal Guarantees 1914, General Strike Benito Mussolini

10. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VII. The United Kingdom A. Tory Dominance 1819, Peterloo Massacre Manchester Whigs Robert Peel (1788-1850) George Canning (1770-1827) Lord Charles Grey (1764-1845) becomes prime minister B. Self-Interested Reform Abolition, 1833 Chartism universal manhood suffrage secret ballot payment for members of Parliament no property qualifications for MPs annual elections equal districts C. The Irish Dilemma 1845, Irish Potato Famine 1829, Catholic Emancipation Act D. Victorian Reforms Lord Palmerston Prime Minster, 1855-65 E. Gladstone and Disraeli 1867-1880, prime ministers William Ewart Gladstone (1809-98) Benjamin Disraeli (1804-81) Charles Stewart Parnell (1946-91)

11. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VII. The United Kingdom F. The New Liberals Gladstone and Home Rule > Conservative rule Labour Party 1900, Ramsay Macdonald and Keir Hardie Liberal Party Prime Minister Herbert Asquith Lloyd George Winston Churchill Parliament Bill of 1911 Lords loses absolute veto Women’s Social and Political Union Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) 1918, women over 30 get the vote G. The Dominions South Africa 1906, 1908, self-governance Louis Botha, first prime minister Australia 1788, first convicts transported by 1850, liberal government 1901, Commonwealth of Australia New Zealand Canada 1763, English control 1774, Quebec Act 1867, union

12. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VIII. The United States A. Free Land and Unfree People B. Democratic Advances Democracy 1791, Vermont, manhood suffrage 1792, Kentucky 1828, Andrew Jackson elected president Louisiana Territory 1803, from France “manifest destiny” 1846, boundary with Canada determined Oregon Territory settled 1846, war with Mexico 1848, California, Texas to U.S.

13. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VIII. The United States C. The Civil War and Its Results 1861, Fort Sumter > 1865, defeat of Confederacy Reconstruction, 1865-1877 D. Industrialization, Abuse, and Reform William”"Boss” Tweed Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-09 Woodrow Wilson, elected, 1913 “New Freedom” Federal Reserve Act, 1913 Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914 Federal Trade Commission, 1914 E. The United States and the World 1844, Treaty with China 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan forces opening of harbors 1867, purchases Alaska from Russia

14. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IX. Russia in Reform and Revolution A. The Failed Heritage of Catherine II Alexander I (1801-25) Nicholas II (1825-55) B. Enlightenment Dreams Napoleonic Wars consume resources 1825, death of Alexander succession question > Decembrist Revolt C. Nicholas I and Russian Reaction Alexander Herzen (1812-70) Kolokol, newspaper, founded 1857 Michael Bakunin (1814-76) D. The Great Reforms Alexander II (1855-81) 1861, Emancipation Proclamation 32 million state peasants 20 million serfs 1864, Zemstvo (local boards) Law local self-government Revolutionaries go to peasants = narodnik

15. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IX. Russia in Reform and Revolution E. Revolution and Response Sergei Nechaev (1847-82) Alexander assassinated, 1881 Reaction Alexander III (1881-94) reactionary chief advisor, Constantine Pobedonostsev censorship, etc. Nicholas (1894-1917) Liberal Party Social Revolutionaries F. Lenin and the Bolsheviks Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov (1870-1924) = Lenin Nadezhda Krupskaia, wife help found Iskra (“spark”) 1903, Social Democrats meet divide: Bolsheviks Mensheviks G. The Revolution of 1905 and Its Aftermath Soviets, councils of workers October Manifesto of 1905 Nicholas attempts to repress

16. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. X. The “Eastern Question” A. An Empire in Decline “Eastern Question” weakened Ottoman Empire B. The Balkans Awaken 1799, Montenegro independent 1774, Treaty of Küchük Kaynarca Russia free to enter Mediterranean 1829, Treaty of Adrianople towards Greek independence 1832, Mehmet Ali governor of Egypt attacks sultan Nicholas protects Istanbul

17. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. X. The “Eastern Question” C. The Crimean War, 1853-56 1856, Treaty of Paris attempt to maintain Ottomans D. The Unanswered Question Bulgarians independent Romanians, 1861 Russian-Ottoman War, 1877-78 Treaty of San Stefano, 1878 independence of Serbia, Romania quasi-independent Bulgaria 1899 — Hague Conference

18. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. X. The “Eastern Question” E. The End of Bismarck’s System 1873 — Three Emperor’s League Prussia, Austria, Russia 1878, Congress of Berlin > Dual Alliance with Austria 1882, Italy > Triple Alliance F. Britain Ends Its Isolation 1904 — Entente Cordiale with France G. North African Crises 1905 — Morocco meeting at Algeciras, 1906 1911 — Second Morocco Crisis Germans send in gunboats war avoided