1. Text Chapters 24.2-24.3

3.  Met from 1814-1815 to establish rules for a European peace following the defeat of Napoleon  5 “Great” European powers: Russia, Prussia, Austria, GB, France  Dominated by Prince Metternich of Austria

4.  Restore the balance of power in Europe by re- establishing Europe’s Monarchs to their old thrones (& old borders).  Limit the spread of the ideas championed by the French Revolution, mainly democracy and popular government.

5.  Europe was split largely along it’s pre-French Revolution borders, and ruled by it’s old nobles  The nobles carved up the continent without regard to growing ethnic desires among people in Italy, Germany, Poland, Greece, etc.

6.  Conservatives: Rich & Nobility. Europe should remain under traditional monarchies  Liberals: Middle class. Wanted to give more power to elected bodies, but only educated & landowners could vote.  Radicals: All people should share in a democracy. Believed in the ideas of the F.R. (Liberty, Equality, Brotherhood)

7.  Greeks, fueled by nationalist pride in their Hellenic culture, gain independence from the Ottoman Empire— 1821  Unsuccessful nationalist uprisings occur in Belgium (against the Dutch), and Poland (against Russia)—1830’s  French radicals force King Charles X to flee the country after he tries to stage a return to absolute monarchy (1830). Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) is eventually elected president after a bloody conflict that lead to a moderate constitution. (1848)

9.  Austrian empire is broken up into Austro- Hungarian Empire after pressure from Hungarians (1860’s)  Czars of Russia lose power (Russification)  Ottoman Empire is weakened when they are pressured by British and French to recognize all their citizens as equal (1850-1860)

10.  Italy unites under Camillo di Cavour (prime minister of Sardinia working for its king Victor Emmanuel II)  Di Cavour annexes all of Northern Italy from Austria  He also supports the efforts of rebel Giuseppe Garibaldi (Red Shirts) to unite southern Italy & Sicily.  1870—Last of the Italian territory is acquired after the Papal States are conquered. Rome becomes Italy’s capital (Except for Vatican City)

11.  Otto Von Bismarck (Prime Minister of Prussia) unites the German Confederation under the Prussian King Wilhelm (1871)  Realpolitik  Seven Weeks war with Austria stokes Prussian Nationalism, and increases Prussian territory (1867)  Franco Prussian War ignites feelings of German nationalism in southern Germany (they accept Prussian leadership) (1870)  King Wilhelm names himself Kaiser of the Second Reich (1 st was Holy Roman Empire)

12.  Russia’s elimination of the feudal system and attempts to modernize after the Crimean war (p 691)