1. Industrial Revolution, Nationalism & Imperialism

2. Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution: [chicken egg dilemma]
New techniques in farming [fertilizers] and the use of farm machinery resulted in 2 significant changes that aided the industrial revolution
Crop yields increased dramatically
Fewer workers were required to work in the fields thus they sought jobs in the factories
Made it possible for nations to sustain larger populations

3. Industrial Revolution
Textile Industry: where the revolution began in England
Cottage Industry
Making textiles and goods in individual homes
Factory System
Workers were forced to go to a central location where all production took place
Large expensive equipment brought about a need for such a system

4. Industrial Revolution
1st Industrial Revolution was in textiles and powered by water.
New Inventions rapidly increased production.
Spinning Jenny, James Hargreaves
Steam Engine James Watt
Cotton Gin, Eli Whitney

5. Industrial Revolution
2nd Industrial Revolution
Occurred in the iron and steel industry.
Countries with deposits of iron and coal became leaders in the 2nd phase.
This revolution was powered by steam and coal later to be replaced by electrical generators and the combustion engine in the 20th century.
Sources of Power: water, coal & steam, coal, oil & electricity.
Bethlehem Steel

6. Industrial Revolution
Improvement in transportation and communication improved efficiency
James Watt, Locomotive
Samuel Morse, Telegraph
John McAdam, roads
Canals

7. Consequences of Industrialization
Growth of cities
Overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, industrial pollution
Demand for local government to improve living conditions
Working Conditions
Demands for Reform: long hours, low wages, lousy conditions
Unionization movements
Iron law of Wages: keep wages low workers are productive & small families
European Population m
m 29%Δ
m 35%Δ
London
1800 1m m
1900 4m
Berlin
,000
,000
million

8. Social Consequences of Industrialization
Wage Economics: people became dependent upon wages to survive, no longer self sufficient
Cities became crowded, need for police forces and prisons
Women left the workforce once married, but both children and young girls were exploited often earning low wages.
Child Labor Laws would slowly eliminate the use of child labor
British Ten Hour Work Day was instituted to allow adults more time with their children

9. Industrialization and Society
Chartism:
Malthus
Utilitarianism
Early Socialism
Utopian Socialist

10. Conservatism In Europe
Congress of Vienna
Allied powers meet in Vienna to carve up Napoleon’s Empire
Principle of legitimacy was to return rightful monarchs back to their thrones
Austrian Foreign Minister Prince von Metternich is the key architect of European politics from 1814 – 1848.
Concert of Europe
Allied powers would work in harmony to keep the peace in Europe and prevent one power from being too dominant.
Europe after 1815
Conservatives hoped to return Europe to the pre-revolutionary days

11. Reform Bill in Great Britain
Series of Acts that reformed the British electoral system
Redistricting: reduced the number of boroughs
Extended Franchise: included smaller landowners in counties who owned 10 pounds worth of land
Voter registration
Working Classes and Women were unsatisfied

12. France in the Aftermath of Napoleon
Louis XVIII [ ]
Constitutional monarch but very weak especially when he fled during the 100 days.
Tried to rule in a centrist fashion and afraid his brother would not be so wise
Died without heir from complications of obesity and gangrene.

13. France in the Aftermath of Napoleon 1814-1848
Charles X [ ]
Last of the Bourbon kings
Unpopular ruler. Liberals despised his autocratic policies. Unable to get a favorable majority in the parliament Charles issued 4 Ordinances in July 1830 dissolving parliament, censoring the press, altered the electoral system and called for new elections in the streets.
Parisians went to the barricades. Charles’ army was unable to regain Paris. Charles abdicated for himself and his son in favor of his nephew Henri, but the parliament chose Louis Philippe, 4th in line as King of the French.

14. Louis Philippe, Bourgeois King of the French
Liberalism
Liberalism was a political philosophy that felt people should be free from government interference.
Felt government should be run by a constitution but NOT in favor of universal male suffrage.
Only men of property should have the right to vote.
Believed in the ideals of the Enlightenment
Middle Class industrialists were the primary supporters of this view point which dominated the mid to late 1800s
Adam Smith
Louis Philippe, Bourgeois King of the French

15. Reign of the Bourgeois King
Louis Philippe
King of the French, tricolor flag restored
Promoted Liberal, bourgeois interests at the expense of working class interests
Overthrown in the revolution of 1848 when he refused to grant changes to working conditions in France

16. Rise of Socialism Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx [1848]
Called for workers to seize control of the “factors of production” meaning the factories, the mines, etc
Marx believed the workers [proletariat] needed to seize political control from the upper middle class factory owners [bourgeoisie]
Socialist Political parties would gain strength and popularity throughout Europe in the late 1800s early 1900s.

17. 1848 Year of Revolution Revolution in France
Socialists under the leadership of Louis Blanc demanded inclusion in a new provisional government.
Workshops were created to provide work relief for the unemployed
New Elections resulted in a Conservative and Moderate majority in the National Assembly showing the provinces did not trust Paris radicals.
New socialist revolts were put down by the military
1848 Austria and Prussia face growing revolts
Hungarians revolt against Austrian rule, Russian troops help Austria put down the revolts. Hungarians would not gain autonomy until 1867.
Austrian Emperor Ferdinand is forced to abdicate, replaced by his nephew 18 year old Franz Joseph. Prince Metternich resigns and flees to Innsbruck
German Congress in Frankfurt offers Prussian King the crown of a united Germany, He rejects it. Revolution in Prussia forces the king to grant a constitution.

18. 2nd French Republic & Empire
1848 2nd Republic
Louis Napoleon, Napoleon’s nephew is elected President in 1848 with 75% of the vote.
Allowed to serve only one 4 year term.
1852 he seizes power in a coup on Dec 2, 1851 and creates the 2nd Empire crowning himself Napoleon III.
Used a plebiscite to give his action legitimacy
2nd Empire
Made many changes that benefited socialists and industrialists. Beautified Paris and made it the city it is today. Was very popular until his downfall.
Napoleon III

19. Napoleon III & Foreign Policy
As Emperor he needed a wife and heir. Chose a woman he loved rather than an arranged marriage. Eugenie de Monitjo of Spain.
Crimean War Ended the Concert of Europe when he joined Britain in fighting Russia.
Unification of Italy
Asia Policy
Mission to Japan
Second Opium War 1860 occupation of China
French Indochina
Mexico 1866
Maximilian Hapsburg

20. Russia in the Aftermath of Napoleon
Tsar Alexander I [ ] repressed liberalism and nationalism. Russian military officers however were exposed to the ideals of the French Revolution
Alexander died unexpectedly without an heir. His brother Constantine had a morganatic marriage, so his younger brother Nicholas was considered heir.
Decembrist Revolt, officers who favored Constantine revolted and Nicholas had it brutally put down.
Nicholas I ruled as autocrat from

21. Nationalism Execution of Karl Sand
Believe a nation is composed of people who share a common language and cultural heritage
Most powerful ideology of the 19th and 20th century
Used by both Liberals and Monarchists to achieve their objectives
Often combined with Liberalism to achieve its objectives
1821 Greece, then 1830 Serbia gain independence from the Ottoman empire
s Latin American gains independence from Spain
1830 Belgium gains independence from the Netherlands
Execution of Karl Sand

22. Nationalism: Italy Nationalism:
feelings of devotion and loyalty to one’s country or ethnic group
Italy was dominated by Austria and France
Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
PM Camillo Cavour sided with France & Britain in the Crimean War in exchange for French support for Italian Unification
Giuseppe Garibaldi’s Red Shirts invaded S. Italy
Unification of Italy

23. Nationalism: Germany Unification of Germany 1866-71
Prussian King Wilhem I
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
Architect of unification
Greater Germany
A unified Germany including the Austrian Empire
Lesser Germany
A unified Germany without Austria

24. German Unification: Bismarck’s Blood & Iron
Austro-Prussian War of 1866
Prussia defeated Austria in 6 weeks; eliminated Austria from interfering in German affairs
United Northern Germany with Prussia
Franco-Prussian War of 1870
Ems Telegram doctored by Bismarck to insult France
Prussia defeated France and resulted in German unification
Germany is unified in Jan 1871
Germany takes Alsace-Lorraine from France
The Unification of Germany

25. Nationalism: The Balkans
Europe’s Powder Keg
Ottoman Domination & Collapse
Albania & Bosnian conversions to Islam
“The Sick Man of Europe
Greek Independence 1831
Russia Defender of Slavs and Eastern Orthodoxy
1877 Russo-Ottoman War
Balkans

26. Nationalism: The Balkans
Russia and Pan-Slavism
Russia considered itself the defender of Slavic speaking peoples
Russo-Turkish War of 1877
Russia defeated the Ottoman Turks
Congress of Berlin 1878
European powers feared Russian power sought to contain at this conference
Romania & Serbia gain independence
Bulgaria is autonomous
Bosnia-Herzegovina administered by Austria-Hungary
Balkans

27. Imperialism Reasons for Imperialism Africa Asia
Economic: resources & markets
Strategic: bases for refueling
Prestige
White Man’s Burden”
Africa
Only 2 independent nations by 1900 [Ethiopia and Liberia]
Asia
French Indochina [Vietnam]
British Hong Kong, Singapore
Spheres of Influence in China

28. Imperialism Emergence of Japan Meiji Restoration 1867
US Commodore Perry’s visit in 1853 opened Japan’s eyes to modern technology
Meiji Restoration 1867
Restored the monarchy and ended feudalism in Japan
Began a period of rapid modernization
Sino-Japanese War 1895
Seized Korea and Formosa [Taiwan] from China
Russo-Japanese War 1905
1st time an Asia nation defeated a European

29. Imperialism & Germany Imperial Conflict
Wilhelm II, nephew of Queen Victoria. Birth defect left him with a slightly deformed left arm. He always seemed to overcompensate for it.
Germany was an economic and military powerhouse but a small empire. Wilhelm wanted to change that.
Bismarck’s advice to Kaiser Wilhelm II was to not pursue an Empire and maintain an alliance with Russia but Wilhelm ignored him and fired Bismarck in 1890
Wilhelm II’s pursuit of an Empire and expansion of the Germany Navy led him into conflict with Britain and France

30. Hapsburg Austria Franz Josef & Elizabeth The Hapsburg Curse
Eldest daughter died at Age 2
Son Rudolf heir to throne supposedly committed suicide at age 30 in 1889
Elisabeth assassinated in 1898
Franz Ferdinand: Fran Josef’s nephew and heir after Rudolf’s death is assassinated in 1914

31. Nationalism: Austria-Hungary
Dual Monarchy
1867 Became the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Ethnic tension
Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs all demanding autonomy or independence
Triple Monarchy?
Franz-Ferdinand: heir to the throne proposed a triple monarchy and self government for slavs.
Serbs saw this as a threat
Europe 1877

32. The Alliance System Triple Alliance Triple Entente Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Triple Entente
Great Britain
France
Russia

33. The Powder Keg Explodes
The Balkan Wars
1st Balkan War
Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece vs the Ottoman empire
2nd Balkan War
Serbia, Greece, Romania and the Ottoman Empire vs Bulgaria
Assassination 1914
Sarajevo, Bosnia Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by Serbian terrorists and triggers WWI