1. The Industrial Revolution

2. 1804 - Trevithick - steam locomotive
Watt - steam engine
Tull - seed drill
Cartwright - power loom
1764 -Hargreaves - spinning jenny
1769 -Arkwright -water frame
Whitney - cotton gin
1733 -Kay - flying shuttle
Crompton - spinning mule

3. What was the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines
The more efficient means of production and subsequent higher levels of production triggered far-reaching changes to industrialized societies

4. The Industrial Revolution
Machines were invented which replaced human labor
New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
Some historians place advances in atomic, solar, and wind energy at the later stages of the Industrial Revolution
Increased use of metals and minerals
Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.

5. The Industrial Revolution
Transportation improved
Ships
Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
Trains
Automobiles
Communication improved
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio

6. Developments Mass production of goods
Increased numbers of goods
Increased diversity of goods produced
Development of factory system of production
Rural-to-urban migration
People left farms to work in cities
Development of capitalism
Financial capital for continued industrial growth
Development and growth of new socio-economic classes
Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class
Commitment to research and development
Investments in new technologies
Industrial and governmental interest in promoting invention, the sciences, and overall industrial growth

7. Background of the Industrial Revolution
Commercial Revolution
15th, 16th, and 17th centuries
Europeans expanded their power worldwide
Increased geographic knowledge
Colonies in the Americas and Asia
Increased trade and commerce
Guild system could not meet the demands of increasing numbers goods

8. Background of the Industrial Revolution
Scientific Revolution
17th and 18th centuries
Discoveries of Boyle, Lavoisier, Newton, etc.
Intellectual Revolution
Writings of Locke, Voltaire, etc.
Atmosphere of discovery and free intellectual inquiry
Greater knowledge of the world
Weakened superstition and tradition
Encouraged learning and the search for better and newer ways of doing things

9. FACTORS AIDING INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
CHANGES IN FARMING
RISE IN POPULATION
GEOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGES
NEW INVENTIONS

10. CHANGES IN FARMING
1700 – Agricultural revolution begins before Industrial Revolution
The wealthy buy much of the land
Landowners rent fields to tenant farmers
Tenant farmers – one who farms another's land and pays rent, usually in a share of the crops.
Landowners began fencing or hedging their land. This process is called enclosure.
Landowners free to experiment.

11. OPEN FIELD SYSTEM ADVANTAGES All villagers worked together
All the land was shared out
Everyone helped each other
Everyone had land to grow food
For centuries enough food had been grown
ADVANTAGES

12. Strips in different fields
OPEN FIELD SYSTEM
Strips in different fields
Fallow land
Waste of time
Waste of land
Common land
DISADVANTAGES

13. Disadvantages of the old system
People have to walk over your strips to reach theirs
Field left fallow
Difficult to take advantage of new farming techniques
No hedges or fences
No proper drainage
Show picture first and ask for ideas about what the problem might be. Introduce and explain – encourage note taking at this stage in brief bullet points
Because land in different fields takes time to get to each field
Animals can trample crops and spread disease

14. So what?
So this is an inefficient system and only produces enough food to feed you and your family, there is very little extra.
Towns are growing, the people in towns need feeding so extra food is needed.
No corn is being imported because of the war with France, so more corn is needed
Develop the theme of more people in towns fewer in villages and that the present system does not produce enough

15. Enclosures? This meant enclosing the land.
The open fields were divided up and everyone who could prove they owned some land would get a share. Dividing the open land into small fields and putting hedges and fences around them. Everyone had their own fields and could use them how they wished.
Open land and common land would also be enclosed and divided up.
Encourage own research of the enclosures, what it meant both good and bad.

16. Scientific Revolution meets Agricultural Revolution
Landowners needed new ways to increase the harvest.
Jethro Tull was one of the first scientific farmers.
In 1721, he invented a seed drill.
A seed drill allowed well spaced rows at a specific depth.

17. Scientific Revolution meets Agricultural Revolution
Scientific farmers began to use crop rotation. This is a system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.
This practice began in the middle ages but was perfected by gentleman farmer Viscount Charles Townshend.
Raising livestock was also improved.
Only the best animals were allowed to breed.

18. RISE IN POPULATION
Better livestock and rising crop production meant more food.
During the 1700’s the population of Europe increased rapidly.
The reasons for the growth were improved health and increased
food supplies.
The growth in population increased the need for food.
However, this growth supplied the extra workers needed in the factories.

19. GEOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGES
Great Britain had all of the factors needed to be a successful industrialized nation.
Abundant natural resources
Favorable geography
Favorable climate for new ideas
Effective banking system
Politically stable

20. Abundant Natural Resources
Industrialized countries needed 3 important natural resources:
Water-power
Coal
Iron Ore
Water and coal supplied the energy for the machines.
Iron ore was needed to build machines, tools, and buildings.

21. Favorable Geography Britain is an island nation.
She had many fine harbors and 6,000 merchant ships.
These ships sailed to every part of the globe.
Overseas trade gave Britain access to raw materials and markets.

22. Favorable Climate For New Ideas
The British were interested in science and technology.
They founded the Royal Society.
Royal Society – world famous “club” for exchanging ideas and inventions.
The wealthy British invested in new inventions.

23. Effective Banking System
Great Britain had the most highly developed banking system in Europe.
The service of making loans was very important during this time period.
Loaning money at a reasonable interest rate encouraged people to invest in new inventions.

24. Politically Stable The British lived in a century of peace.
Freedom from the expense of war allowed them to concentrate their money on new technology.
Their government favored economic growth.
It passed laws supporting and encouraging new investments.

25. Inventions Revolutionized the Textile Industry
Britain became a world leader in raising sheep
Wool became a major trading product
Cotton becomes popular for lighter weight clothing
Cloth made at home in cottage industries
Work was done by hand on spinning wheels and
looms

26. One Invention leads to Another
Six Major Inventions Change the Cotton Industry
John Kay - Flying Shuttle
James Hargreaves - Spinning Jenny
Richard Arkwright - Water Frame
Samuel Crompton - Spinning Mule
Edmund Cartwright - Power Loom
Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin

27. John Kay’s Flying Shuttle
The Flying Shuttle was invented in 1733
The Flying Shuttle was a piece of wood that held yarn
The shuttle was woven in and out of the yarn tied to the
loom
It allowed the weaver to work twice as fast

28. James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny
The Spinning Jenny was invented in 1764.
It was a faster spinning wheel.
This machine could spin 80 threads at a time.
Humans could spin only 1 thread at a time.
This machine was hand operated.

29. Richard Arkwright’s Water Frame
Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769.
This invention used water power from a fast flowing
stream to drive the spinning wheels.

30. Samuel Crompton’s Spinning Mule
The Spinning Mule was invented in 1779.
This machine combined the Spinning Jenny and the
water frame.
This machine was used to make stronger, finer thread.

31. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin was invented in 1793.
This machine removed seeds from cotton.
Prior to this invention, seeds had to be removed by hand.
Removing the seeds by hand took a lot of time.
The Cotton Gin allowed for the cleaning of 10 times more cotton per day.

32. Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom
The Power Loom was invented in 1785.
This new loom made weaving much faster.
It ran on waterpower.
In 1813, 2000 looms were in use in English factories.
By 1833, 100,000 looms were in use in England.

33. Industry Grows and Spreads
To help transport goods faster from place to place
engineers built:
Better roads
Canals
Railroads

34. Roads
A Scottish engineer, John McAdam, invented a better way to build roads.
First he layered the roadbed with large rocks.
The second phase was to smooth a layer of crushed rock over the first layer.
This process was called the “Macadam” surface.

35. Canals Canals are human made waterways.
Networks of these canals were built in England.
Over 4000 miles of inland waterways were constructed.
They lowered the cost of transporting raw materials to the
factories.

36. Railroads
The inventors of the railroad locomotive put the steam engine on wheels.
Richard Trevithick -invented a small powerful steam engine which pulled a cart along tracks.
George Stephenson built 1st railroad line which was 27 miles long.
He called his steam engine the Rocket. It ran 24 miles per hour.

37. Far Reaching Effects of the Railroad
The railroads encouraged industrial growth.
They were a fast, cheap way to transport raw materials and products.
The railroads provided new jobs.
The railroads boosted agriculture. It was easier to transport goods (milk, fruit, etc.) to distant cities.
Railroads made travel easier.

38. Industrial Revolution Changed Lives
The Industrial Revolution spread to other countries.
The growth of factories brought people to the cities.
The working conditions in factories began to improve.
The middle class social structure grew.
Social tensions began to build between the different classes.

39. Early looms and spinning wheels ran off of water.
Every factory had to be built near rushing water.
These locations were often inconvenient.
James Watt and Matthew Boulton - Scottish entrepreneurs (entrepreneurs organize and take risks in business) who improved the steam engine by using coal to power it

40. Factories Grew Out of Cottage Industries
New machines were too large to be used in homes.
Wealthy merchants set up machines in large buildings.
These large buildings became known as factories.
Factory - a large building where goods are made.
They ran off of water and were built near streams.
Cotton cloth became popular.
Most English cotton came from America.
Cotton production increased : 9000 bales 1831: 987,000 bales

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