1. Chapter 26: The Cold War

2. Section 1: Origins of the Cold War

3. United States v. Soviet Union
Had been Allies against Germany in WWII
The enemy of my enemy is my friend
America: Capitalist
Soviet Union: Communist
The two countries did not agree on most things
VS.

5. Leaders Truman: American President
He went to a conference in Potsdam as the newest member of the Big Three
He was angry when it was clear that Stalin would not keep his end of the deal and allow democracy in the Soviet controlled parts of eastern Europe
Stalin: Communist leader of Soviet Union
Wanted Communism to control all countries in his power; thought capitalism was wrong

6. Stalin
Truman

7. United Nations
A group of representatives from many countries who worked to keep peace between countries
The U.S. and U.S.S.R. ended up using the UN to promote their ideas to other countries and it made the Cold War worse

8. UN, 1945

9. Potsdam Conference July 1945
Meeting between major countries involved in WWII
Stalin refused to allow democracy in countries he controlled
Truman knew that there would be trouble between the U.S. and U.S.S.R.
This was the start of the Cold War

10. Churchill
Truman
Stalin

11. Tension Mounts
Satellite nations: countries where Stalin set up communist governments controlled by the S.U.
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland
Stalin said that Communism and Capitalism could not work together and another war was inevitable
Truman suggested containment: stopping the spread of communism to other countries
“Iron Curtain”: the division between communist eastern Europe and capitalist western Europe

16. US Aims vs. Soviet Aims in Europe
Encourage communism in other countries
Rebuild eastern European countries hurt during the war
Control eastern Europe to balance US power in western Europe
Keep Germany divided so it would not get too powerful again
Create a new world order: all countries to have self-determination
Gain access to raw materials and markets
Rebuild stable gov’ts in Europe and new markets for American goods
Reunite Germany so it would be more productive

17. Containment
The name of the US foreign policy during the start of the Cold War
We did not want to let communism spread, we wanted to contain it

18. Truman Doctrine
The US would give money to Greece and Turkey so they could fight off any attempt at a Communist take-over

19. Marshall Plan
Sec. Of State Marshall’s plan to give aid to any country whose people were suffering from poverty after the war
: a terrible winter made things even worse for people who were struggling to rebuild after WWII
This made the US look like heroes and communism did not spread in Western Europe

20. US and USSR fight over Germany

21. US and USSR fight over Germany
After WWII, Germany was split into zones
In an attempt to take over the American controlled part of Berlin, Stalin closed off all access to the city
Berlin Airlift: 327 days of British and American planes flying over Berlin and dropping supplies to the people stuck in the city (food, fuel, medicine, Christmas presents, etc.)
By May 1949, Soviet Union admitted defeat and lifted the blockade

22. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United States, and Canada
A military alliance: All these countries agreed that they would defend each other if one was attacked
Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined in the 1950s

24. NATO
It had a standing army of 500,000 troops so other countries did not want to attack members of NATO

25. The Cold War Heats Up
Section 2

26. China Becomes a Communist Country
Chiang Kai-shek:  nationalist leader supported by America ($3 billion)
Mao Zedong: Communist leader who led his side to victory and established a Communist government after the war
The nationalists led by Kai-shek fled to Taiwan;
America and the UN refused to accept the Peoples Republic of China (the communist government)

27. The Korean War Japan controlled Korea 1910-1945
1945: Japan surrendered North of 38th Parallel to Soviets and South of the 38th to Americans
1950: N. Korea led a sneak attack on S. Korea
S. Korea asked UN for help; the Soviets boycotted the UN because Taiwan was recognized, not the P.R.C.
Truman sent troops from occupied Japan to Korea

28. The Korean War
16 nations sent 520,000 troops to help S. Korea (90% were American)
590,000 S. Korean troops
Troops were led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur
The Chinese support the N. Koreans
Both sides fought to hold the 38th Parallel
: Peace talks last 2 years, war ends in stalemate
Account:

29. MacArthur vs. Truman MacArthur wanted to wage full
scale war against China
Truman refused to go along with this idea
MacArthur tried to go around Truman by talking to the media and other politicians
Truman fired MacArthur
MacArthur was a WWII hero and many people backed him – he came home to a hero’s welcome

30. The Cold War at Home
26-3

31. Fear of Communist Influence
Loyalty Review Board: a group that investigated gov’t workers and their possible disloyal behavior
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – investigated communist activity in the movie industry
Hollywood Ten: movie industry workers who refused to testify because of their civil liberties
Blacklist: list of movie industry workers who were suspected communists who couldn’t get work

32. Spy Cases
The secret of how to make an Atomic Bomb had been leaked to the Soviets by spies
Alger Hiss: was accused of spying by a convicted spy, no hard evidence, was convicted of perjury and sent to jail
Richard Nixon gained fame from prosecuting this case
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg: were implicated by a scientist of espionage (spying) and were sentenced to death even though they plead the 5th Amendment during their trial

33. Joseph McCarthy Senator from Wisconsin
Became famous for accusing suspected communists in the State Dept and eventually the U.S. Army
Because he accused WWII hero’s, people had enough of his tactics and was disgraced

34. Two Nations Live on the Edge
26-4

35. Brinkmanship
Our policy of being on the edge of all out war with the Soviets during the beginning of the Cold War
H-Bomb: hydrogen bomb; 67 times stronger than the A-Bomb dropped on Hiroshima
Dwight D. Eisenhower: President from
John Foster Dulles: Sec. of State under Eisenhower

36. Cold War Throughout the World
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency; investigated issues for the American government that occurred in other countries
Warsaw Pact: signed in 1953 as a formal alliance between the Soviet Union and eastern European countries
Suez War: 1955; Egypt tried to play the Soviet Union and USA against each other for control over the Suez Canal
Eisenhower Doctrine: the US will defend the Middle East against any attempt at Communist take-over

37. Cold War / Space Race
Nikita Khrushchev: took over the Soviet Union after Stalin’s death in 1953
Sputnik: The Soviet launched satellite that orbited the earth
This prompted America to invest heavily in our space program and science \ math in public schools
U-2 Incident: When Francis Gary Powers was shot down over the Soviet Union in his U2 spy plane