1. Europe and the New World:
Chapter 14
Europe and the New World:
New Encounters,

2. A 1536 Mercator projection map showing the route of Ferdinand Magellan’s first circumnavigation of the world.
p. 413

3. On the Brink of a New World
Motives and Means
The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)
Access to the East
The Polos
Economic Motives
Religious Zeal
Centralized Monarchies
Ptolemy’s Geography (1477)

4. Ptolemy’s World Map.
Contained in the Latin translation of Ptolemy’s Geography was this world map, which did not become available to Europeans until the late fifteenth century. Scholars quickly accepted it as the most accurate map of its time. The twelve ‘‘wind faces,’’ meant to show wind currents around the earth, were a fifteenth-century addition to the ancient map.
p. 416

5. New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460)
The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
Bartholomeu Dias
Vasco da Gama
Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope
Viceroys
Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515)
Commercial – Military bases
Reasons for Portuguese Success
Guns
Seamanship

6. Map 14.1: Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries.
Desire for wealth was the main motivation of the early explorers, though spreading Christianity was also an important factor. Portugal under Prince Henry the Navigator initiated the first voyages in the early fifteenth century; Spain’s explorations began at the century’s end.
Q Which regions of the globe were primarily explored by Portugal, and which were the main focus of Spain’s voyages?
Map 14-1, p. 417

7. Images of Everyday Life: Spices and World Trade.

8. Images of Everyday Life: Spices and World Trade.

9. Images of Everyday Life: Spices and World Trade.

10. Voyages of the New World
Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506)
Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492)
Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)
Additional Discoveries
John Cabot
Pedro Cabral
Amerigo Vespucci
Nun˜ez de Balboa
Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521)
Circumnavigates the Earth
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

11. Christopher Columbus.
Columbus was an Italian explorer who worked for the queen of Spain. He has become a symbol for two entirely different perspectives. To some, he was a great and heroic explorer who discovered the New World; to others, especially in Latin America, he was responsible for beginning a process of invasion that led to the destruction of an entire way of life. Because Columbus was never painted during his lifetime, the numerous portraits of him are more fanciful than accurate. The portrait shown here was probably done by the Italian painter Ridolfo Ghirlandaio.
p. 420

12. The Spanish Empire in the New World
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
The Maya
The Aztecs
The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547)
Moctezuma (Montezuma)
Aztec Empire overthrown

13. The Maya.
p. 421

14. The Aztecs.
p. 422

15. The Spanish Empire (Cont)
The Inca and the Spanish
Pachakuti
Inca buildings and roads
Francisco Pizarro (c – 1541)
Smallpox
Incas overthrown (1535)
Administration of the Spanish Empire
Encomienda
Viceroys
The Church

16. Slaughter of the Natives.
Fearful of growing Aztec resistance, the Spaniards responded by slaughtering many natives. This sixteenth-century watercolor by an unknown artist shows the massacre of the Cholula people, carried out on the orders of Cortés. The Cholula had refused to provide supplies to the forces of a Spanish expedition.
p. 422

17. Chronology, p. 424

18. The Inca.
p. 424

19. Africa: The Slave Trade
Sugar Cane and slavery
Growth in the Slave Trade
Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
High death rate during transit
Prisoners of War
Depopulation of African kingdoms
Political effects of slave trade
Criticism of Slavery
Society of Friends = Quakers

20. Map 14.2: Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic Economy.
As the trade in slaves grew, it became a part of the triangular trade route that characterized the Atlantic economy, involving the exchange of goods and slaves between the western coast of Europe, the slave depots on the African coast, and the ports of North and South America.
Q What were the important source regions for slaves, and where were most of the slaves taken?
Map 14-2, p. 427

21. The Sale of Slaves.
In the eighteenth century, the slave trade was a highly profitable commercial enterprise. This painting shows a Western slave merchant negotiating with a local African leader over slaves at Gorée, Senegal, in West Africa in the late eighteenth century.
p. 427

22. The West in Southeast Asia
Portugal
Spain
The Dutch and the English
Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and Vietnam)

23. Southeast Asia, c
p. 429

24. Europe in Asia.
As Europeans began to move into parts of Asia, they reproduced many of the physical surroundings of their homeland in the port cities they built there. This is evident in comparing these two scenes. Below is a seventeenth-century view of Batavia, which the Dutch built as their headquarters on the northern coast of Java in The scene at the right is from a sixteenth-century engraving of Amsterdam. This Dutch city had become the financial and commercial capital of Europe. It was also the chief port for the ships of the Dutch East India Company, which brought the spices of the East to Europe.
p. 430

25. Europe in Asia.
As Europeans began to move into parts of Asia, they reproduced many of the physical surroundings of their homeland in the port cities they built there. This is evident in comparing these two scenes. Below is a seventeenth-century view of Batavia, which the Dutch built as their headquarters on the northern coast of Java in The scene at the right is from a sixteenth-century engraving of Amsterdam. This Dutch city had become the financial and commercial capital of Europe. It was also the chief port for the ships of the Dutch East India Company, which brought the spices of the East to Europe.
p. 430

26. The French and the British in India
The Mughal Empire
The Impact of the Western Powers
Portugal
England
The Dutch and the French
Sir Robert Clive
The East India Company
Battle of Plassey (1757)

27. The Mughal Empire.
p. 432

28. China & Japan China Japan Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) Qing Dynasty
Western Inroads
Russia
England
Limited Contact
Japan
Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616)
Opening to the West
The Portuguese
Initially visitors welcomed
Catholic Missionaries
The Dutch

29. The Qing Empire.
p. 433

30. The Portuguese Arriving at Nagasaki.
Portuguese traders landed accidentally in Japan in In a few years, they arrived regularly, taking part in a regional trade network involving Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. In these panels, done in black lacquer and gold leaf, we see a late-sixteenth-century Japanese interpretation of the first Portuguese landing at Nagasaki.
p. 434

31. The Americas Spain and Portugal The West Indies North America
The British and the French
The “Sugar Factories”
North America
The Dutch
New Netherlands
The English
Jamestown (1607)
Thirteen Colonies
The French
Canada

32. The West Indies.
p. 435

33. A Sugar Mill in the West Indies.
Cane sugar was one of the most valuable products produced in the West Indies. By 1700, sugar was replacing honey as a sweetener for increasing numbers of Europeans. This seventeenth-century French illustration shows the operation of a sugar mill in the French West Indies.
p. 435

34. Chronology, p. 436

35. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered
Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa
Less impact in Asia
Multiracial society in Latin America
Ecology
Catholic Missionaries
Conversion of native populations
Hospitals, orphanages and schools
The Jesuits in Asia
Conversions in China
Japan

36. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors
Opportunities for women
Economic effects
Gold and Silver
Exchange of plants and animals
Columbian Exchange
Impact on European lifestyle
Chocolate, Coffee and Tea
European rivalries
New views of the world
Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map
Psychological impact

37. The Jesuit missionary Father Gabriel (Jeremy Irons) with the Guaraní Indians of Paraguay before their slaughter by Portuguese troops.
p. 439

38. Map 14.3: The Columbian Exchange.
In addition to their diseases, which killed vast numbers of indigenous inhabitants of the Americas, Europeans transplanted many of their crops and domestic animals to the New World. Europeans also imported plants from the New World that increased food production and nutrition in Europe.
Q Where were the main source regions for native plants imported into Europe?
Map 14-3, p. 440

39. A Seventeenth-Century World Map.
This beautiful world map was prepared in 1630 by Henricus Hondius. The four portraits are of Caesar, the Roman statesman; Ptolemy, the second-century astronomer; Mercator, the Flemish cartographer whose map projection Hondius followed; and Hondius himself. By comparing this map with the map created by Ptolemy on p. 416, one can see how much Europeans had learned about the shape of the world by the seventeenth century.
p. 441

40. Toward a World Economy Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
Inflation
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
Joint stock trading companies
New economic institutions
The Bank of Amsterdam
Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)
Agriculture

41. Mercantilism Total volume of trade unchangeable
Economic activity = war through peaceful means
Importance of bullion and favorable balance of trade
State intervention

42. Jacob Fugger the Rich.
Jacob Fugger, head of one of the wealthiest banking firms of the sixteenth century, is pictured here with his faithful secretary, Matthaus Schwartz, who painted this scene in The cabinet in the background lists the names of the cities where Fugger’s firm had branch offices, including Milan, Innsbruck, Nuremberg, and Lisbon.
p. 443

43. Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization
Transoceanic trade very valuable
Intra European trade
Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas

44. Timeline, p. 445

45. Discussion Questions
Why were the Western European nations so well positioned for overseas exploration?
How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs?
What social and economic forces drove the Slave Trade?
How were the British able to achieve such a dominant position in Asia?
What impact did European colonization have on the colonized?
What economic changes occurred in Europe as a result of Mercantilism and Capitalism?