1. © Kip Smith, 2003 Motivation, Incentives, Drives, and Rewards Next: Sleep, dreams, & emotion

2. © Kip Smith, 2003 Where we are at Psychology is the science of mind and behavior Behavior is directed at goals Motivation orients the mind toward a particular goal There are two categories of things that motivate: Incentives and drives

3. © Kip Smith, 2003 Goal-directed behavior Is oriented by the current combination of incentives and drives In order for behavior to be directed at a specific goal: If incentives are weak, the drive must be strong This is what ‘character’ is all about If the drive is weak, the incentives must be strong This is what marketing is all about

4. © Kip Smith, 2003 Incentives and Drives External motives are called incentives. Examples: Pay Grades Popularity Internal motives are called drives. Examples: Hunger Sex Curiosity Self-esteem Psychology is more interested in drives Economics is more interested in incentives

5. © Kip Smith, 2003 Where we are going Today, a discussion of some of the better understood drives and rewards and related issues Homeostasis Hunger Sex Gender Rewards Money Drugs Next Sleep & dreams Emotion & arousal Emotions Anger Anxiety, Fear Disgust Joy Sadness Surprise

6. © Kip Smith, 2003 Homeostasis: the fundamental regulatory drive The body must maintain ± constant levels of: Temperature Oxygen Water Salt Sugar … Homeostasis is the drive to maintain those ± constant levels

7. © Kip Smith, 2003 Drives vary with time Sometimes you would rather sleep Sometimes you just gotta eat When you change your goal (e.g., from sleep to food), something in your mind has changed One drive has become dominant The other drives are still there but are not determining your goal orientation

8. © Kip Smith, 2003 Tissue need Homeostatic drives seek to satisfy metabolic goals You don’t meet the goal, you die = ‘tissue need’ = a ‘regulatory’ drive (e.g., thermoregulation)

9. © Kip Smith, 2003 Elective (non-regulatory) drives Other drives seek to satisfy other types of goals. Example: self-esteem You don’t meet the goal, you don’t die = an elective drive These drives seek some other purpose

10. © Kip Smith, 2003 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Homeostasis Central drive systems

11. © Kip Smith, 2003 Functional differentiation Different drives are supported by different neuronal networks in the brain E.g., The neural circuits that make you want to eat are different than the circuits that make you want sex The neural circuits that support drives are called central drive systems

12. © Kip Smith, 2003 The hypothalamus The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that supports most central drive systems Different parts of the hypothalamus support different drives How do we know this? Conduct the experiment in the Psych Inquiry activity for Chapter 6 called The Hypothalamus and Hunger. Hand in the results next time

13. © Kip Smith, 2003 Rewards Real-time connotation stimuli and activities that create a behavioral disposition to resist interruption of ongoing behavior Historical connotation stored representation of strength, rate, amount, delay, kind, and spatio-temporal distribution Future-oriented connotation anticipation selection of behavioral objectives

14. © Kip Smith, 2003 Three ways to study the neuronal basis for drives and rewards 1Lesion studies Stoke patients Ablation in laboratory animals 2Stimulation studies Electrical stimulation of specific bundles of neurons The foundational studies were done by Olds You are responsible for knowing the content of Old’s review paper which is included in the paperback of Scientific American articles. 3Neuroimaging

15. © Kip Smith, 2003 1Lesion studies Stroke patients often display abnormal behavior, e.g., the sudden inability to swallow, to speak, to see the left side of everything We can use neuroimaging techniques to identify which parts of the brain have been injured by the stoke

16. © Kip Smith, 2003 Relation between BSR & other rewards Rewarding effect can compete with, summate with, and substitute for rewarding effect of natural stimuli such as sucrose solutions Rewarding effect is modulated by self- administered drugs e.g., heroin, cocaine, & amphetamine all boost the rewarding effect

17. © Kip Smith, 2003 A first pass Assessing the relationship between brain reward circuitry in rats and the anticipation and experience of reward in humans Trace circuitry underlying BSR in rats By means of functional neuroimaging, assess activation of circuit components in humans performing reward-related tasks

18. © Kip Smith, 2003 BSR sites in the rat

19. © Kip Smith, 2003 BSR sites in the rat

20. © Kip Smith, 2003

22. 3Neuroimaging Neuroimaging takes pictures of the brain More exactly, of the demand for blood by clusters of neurons The assumption: The more active the neurons, the more energy they need (O 2, sugars, etc.). Regional cerebral bloodflow responds to that need

23. © Kip Smith, 2003 Brain Stimulation and Neuroimaging Research Neuroimaging observations are correlational. Stimulation experiments assess causal relationships.

24. © Kip Smith, 2003 Read: Chapter 6 Article 4 in the Scientific American booklet: James Olds (1956). Pleasure centers in the brain Conduct the experiment in the Psych Inquiry activity for Chapter 6 called The Hypothalamus and Hunger Hand in the results next time