1. DNA Technology Chapter 12

2. Transgenic Organisms Contain recombinant DNA – Nucleotide sequences from 2+ different sources Cells express original AND newly introduced genes – Mitosis ensures all daughter cells contain (growth and plant reproduction) – Injection into gametes or zygote necessary for most animals Spectrum of views for applicability

3. Producing Recombinant DNA Desired gene is removed from source (plant, animal, bacteria) Plasmids used as vectors Restriction enzyme cuts gene and plasmid – Plasmid in1 spot only, DNA in many – ‘Sticky ends’ allow complementary binding when same enzyme used DNA ligase joins Recombinant DNA inserted into a cell – Mitosis produces clones

4. DNA Fingerprinting A way to identify an individual based on their unique sequences of DNA Many sequences are the same in humans Look for regions with greatest diversity (polymorphisms) – Often are noncoding (intron) regions – Short tandem repeats (STRs) used now 4 nucleotide sequences Vary in length between individuals Try to look at enough to eliminate everyone else – More STRs used increase uniqueness

5. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to amplify DNA – Evidence is often scarce or contaminated/impure – Allows controlled testing Restriction enzymes cut out desired sequences Gel electrophoresis sorts molecules by size – PO 4 - attracted to positive charged end – Smaller fragments move faster and farter – Compare lanes for similarities/differences Used to solve crimes, paternity testing, inheritance Analyzing DNA Fingerprints

6. CODIS Combined DNA Index System Allows comparison of DNA samples between individuals – Database managed by the FBI Based on 14 predetermined STRs – 13 on 13 different autosomes – 1 on X and Y chromosome

7. Human Genome Project (HGP) Sequenced entire genome – Started in 1990 finished in 2006 – Gov’t agencies started, private company joined – Separated over data release policy Publically available components via internet at Genbank – 3.2 billion base pairs 1.5% coding 98.5% noncoding 96% similarity with chimpanzees – Gene expression allows few genes to code for many RNA’s Reference genome is diverse mix of anonymous donors