1. DNA Profiling in Forensic Science

2. Introduction DNA Profiling is the analysis of DNA samples to determine if they came from the same individual. Since its introduction in 1986, DNA profiling has become a standard tool of forensics.

3. Introduction DNA Profiling can be used to…  Identify murder victims  Prove/disprove an presence at a crime scene  Solve paternity disputes  Protect endangered species by proving the origin of contraband animal products  Study DNA from fossilized plants and animals, even mummified humans

4. DNA Profiling Techniques In forensic applications DNA from two or more samples needs to be compared (i.e. Does the DNA collected at the crime scene match the suspect’s DNA?) To compare DNA samples two different techniques may be used…  Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis  Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis

5. STR Analysis STR compares a small number (usually 13) of short segments of noncoding DNA (sections of DNA that do not code for protein) The segments used for comparison are called short tandem repeats (STRs)

6. STR Analysis Short tandem repeats consists of short sequences of nucleotides that are repeated many times tandemly.

7. STR Analysis Short tandem repeats consists of short sequences of nucleotides that are repeated many times tandemly.

8. STR Analysis Short tandem repeats consists of short sequences of nucleotides that are repeated many times tandemly.

9. STR Analysis Short tandem repeats consists of short sequences of nucleotides that are repeated many times tandemly.

10. STR Analysis We typically have the same sequences (i.e. AGAT or GATA) at the same locations but unrelated individuals vary widely in the number of repeats. The likelihood that any two individuals (except identical twins) will have the same 13-loci DNA profile can be as high as 1 in 1 billion or greater.

11. STR Analysis To create a DNA profile, forensic scientists use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the regions of DNA that include the STR sites.

12. STR Analysis After amplification via PCR, the DNA profiles can be compared using gel electrophoresis

13. STR Analysis Recall that electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size, thus any differences in the number of repeats at the STR sites can be observed in the gel.

14. RFLP Analysis RFLP analysis works by comparing DNA samples that have been exposed to a restriction enzyme. The restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments

15. RFLP Analysis The fragments of DNA produced by the restriction enzyme can then be separated and compared using gel electrophoresis