1. Almadén: Remediation techniques in the largest mercury mining district of the world Pablo L. Higueras E.U.P. Almadén, Univ. of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) CCMS Meeting, Prevention And Remediation Issues In Selected Industrial Sectors Pilot Study. Baia Mare (Romania), Sept. 7-11, 2003

2. General Index ► Geology and mining ► Metallurgy ► Environmental concerns ► Hazards/risks ► Remediation issues  Work done  Work to do

3. Geology ► Location ► Regional geology ► Types of cinnabar deposits

4. Geology: Location The Almadén syncline

5. Geology: Regional Geology

6. Geology: Types of Hg deposits ► Two major types:  Stratabound  Epigenetic

7. ► Stratiform mineralizations: Almadén Type   Disseminated cinnabar (1-7% Hg) in the “Criadero” Quartzite   Zonal relationship with the “frailesca” rock   Vary scarce pyrite   Very variable dimensions: 7.5 Mfl. in Almadén, 350.000 fl. in El Entredicho Geology: Types of Hg deposits Flask: commercial unit for mercury trade. 1 fl: 34.5 kg

8. El Entredicho open pit 5-10% Hg

9. Geology: Types of Hg deposits ► Stratabound mineralizations: Almadén Mine  Active since more than 2.000 years  Non-stop mining activity

10. Almadén mine ► Two branches (ramas):  Rama Sur: the first in activity, closed from 18 Century to the 80s, active again until May 2002 (final closure)  Rama Norte: discovered in 1700, in activity until 1992

11. Underground mining: Cut & fill Almadén mine

12. ► Epigenetic (discordant) mineralizations: Las Cuevas type   Cinnabar in veins and semimassive replacements   Cross-cutting the “frailesca” rock   Pyrite much more common than in stratiform deposits   Minor size - Las Cuevas: 150.000 fl. Geology: Types of Hg deposits

13. Las Cuevas: cinnabar vein filling

14. Las Cuevas: cinnabar replacement of Frailesca Up to 30% Hg

15. Las Cuevas mine

16. Underground mining, VCR (Vertical Crater Retreat)

17. Metallurgy ► Roasting: HgS + hot  Hg 0 + S 0 ► Evolving methods, with reduction of Hg vapor emission:  “Xabecas” furnaces (12 Century - 1646)  “Bustamante” furnaces (1646 - 1930)  “Idrija” and others furnaces (1930-1957)  “Pacific” furnaces, propane fuelled (1954-2005)

18. Metallurgy ► Xabecas furnaces ► Hand work made by prisoners

19. Metallurgy ► Aludeles furnaces

20. Metallurgy ► Pacific furnaces  Multilevel system  Propane fueled

21. Environmental concerns ► Mercury cycle ► In air ► In soils and mine dumps ► In water and stream sediments ► In plants ► In fauna

22. ► Mercury cycle Environmental concerns

23. ► Mercury in air Punctual data – Hg: 135,000 ng/m3

24. Environmental concerns ► Mercury in air: Regional pattern, continuous automobile survey

25. Environmental concerns ► Mercury in soils Higueras et al. (2003) Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 80: 95-104

26. ► Mercury emission from soils Environmental concerns Hg: 8.650 ng/m 3

27. Environmental concerns ► Mercury in mine dumps Ore dump Las Cuevas Cinnabar Metallic Hg Schuetteite

28. Environmental concerns ► Mercury in mine dumps Waste dump El Entredicho Schuetteite

29. Environmental concerns ► Mercury in mine dumps Calcines from Roman times Hg up to 2,260 μg/g

30. ► Mercury emission from mine dumps Environmental concerns Hg: 5,000- 50,000 ng/m 3

31. ► Mercury in waters and stream sediments ► Research in course, with John Gray (USGS) and Mark Hines (Univ. Massachusetts Lowell) ► Sampling of the main river course (Valdeazogues) and other sites Environmental concerns

32. ► Valdeazogues river: 9 samples, from upstream the mining area to some 20 km downstream Environmental concerns Hg W : 7.61 ng/L Hg SS : 0.362 μg/g Hg W : 190 ng/L Hg SS : 8.22 μg/g

33. ► Streams from the mining areas to the Valdeazogues river: Azogado stream  Hg W : 12,500 ng/L  Hg SS : 2,260 μg/g Environmental concerns

34. ► El Entredicho open pit lake Environmental concerns Hg W : 2,800 ng/L Hg SS : 935 μg/g

35. ► Mercury in wild plants: several species are very well adapted to soils very rich in mercury Environmental concerns Soil: up to 1% Hg Marrubium officinalis: up to 16,000 μg/g Almadenejos metallurgical precinct

36. ► Mercury in wild plants: several species are very well adapted to soils very rich in mercury Environmental concerns Las Cuevas Old mineral dump Soil: up to 2.5% Hg Dittrichia graveolens: up to 16,500 μg/g

37. ► Mercury in wild plants: hyperacumulators Environmental concerns El Entredicho open pit lake Typha dominguensis: up to 245.000 μg/g

38. ► Mercury in wild plants: hyperacumulators Environmental concerns Puddles in mine dumps Polypogon maritimus: up to 1,500,000 μg/g

39. ► Mercury in wild plants: eatable – wild asparragus Environmental concerns Up to 7,000 μg/g

40. ► Mercury in fauna: no data Environmental concerns Domestic pigs in Almadenejos metall. precinct Fishing in Castilseras reservoir

41. Hazards / Risks ► For mine workers ► For local inhabitants ► For trophic chain ► Methylmercury presence

42. Hazards / Risks ► For mine workers:  Working schedule: 8 days a month, 6 hours in underground jobs  Health monitoring by the mining company health service: blood and urine

43. Hazards / Risks ► For local inhabitants:  Hg vapor in air over WHO standard (1 μg/m 3 ) in inhabitad areas

44. Hazards / Risks ► For local inhabitants:  Hg vapor concentrations in some buildings Almadén School of Mines Hg up to 45,000 ng/m 3 in some rooms (old museum)

45. Hazards / Risks ► For trophic chain:  Water  Fishing  Vegetables

46. Hazards / Risks ► For trophic chain:  Water: low Hg contents in most natural waters  Very low Hg content in drinking water Hg: 1.78 μg/L

47. Hazards / Risks ► Drinking water comes from a reservoir away from the mining area Hg: 9.08 μg/L

48. Hazards / Risks ► For trophic chain: Fishing  Local people uses to fish in the Valdeazogues river and reservoirs (sport)  Black Bass (Micropterus salmoides), Carp (Cyprinus carpio)  Need to control the Hg and MeHg contents

49. Hazards / Risks ► For trophic chain: Vegetables  Cattle and wild fauna: high risk, since some wild plants contain quite high mercury levels  Humans: low mercury contents in agricultural plants (see phytoremediation section)  Some wild eatable plants with higher mercury levels

50. Hazards / Risks ► Methylmercury contents: data on study  Natural waters  Soils and stream sediments ► Valdeazogues ► Azogado stream ► Entredicho pit lake  Calcine heaps  Almadenejos furnaces ruins

51. Remediation issues ► Work done  Phytorremediation - phytoextraction  Study of crandallitic immobilizator ► Work to do

52. ► A collaboration between the E.U.P. Almadén (UCLM), the mining company and CIEMAT ► Trees ► Agricultural plants ► Spontaneous vegetation Phytoextraction

53. ► Trees: Eucalyptus 5 plots, on soils with Hg contents between tens and hundreds gr Hg/t (ppm) 4 years of “activity” Resulting on Hg contents in dry matter between 500 and 2.080 ppb Phytoextraction

54. ► Agricultural plants  Wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and lupine (Lupinus luteus)  15 subplots 10x10 m, 3x plant, 3 fallow land, 3 spontaneous vegetation (2 years)  1 plot 100x50 m, barley (2 nd year)  Hg contents in plots: tens of Hg ppm  Samples of the crops were taken at different growth stages analyzing the Hg loading in the aerial part and in the root separately Phytoextraction

55. Phytoextraction ► Agricultural plants: soils characterization - PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION Granulometry Real and apparent density Texture Moisture - CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION Total mercury Organic matter pH (H 2 O, KCl) Carbonates, sulfates and nitrates Cation Exchange Capacity Conductivity - MERCURY CHARACTERIZATION Mercury speciation: determination of inorganic mercury and methylmercury Sequential extraction: geochemical partitioning of mercury

56. ► Soils characteristics Phytoextraction

57. Phytoextraction MERCURY SPECIATION - Volatile organomercuric compounds not detected (detection limit = 1 ng g -1 ) - Methyl-mercury content lower than 1% of total Hg in all the analyzed samples

58. ► Agricultural plants: results  First year (2000-2001): Phytoextraction

59. ► Agricultural plants, 2 nd year Phytoextraction

60. ► Laboratory experiments:  Study of the mercury availability in soils by means of monitorized lisimeters  Being carried out by CIEMAT in Madrid Phytoextraction

61. Phytoextraction ► Mercury recovery from biomass  Biomass combustion in a fluidized bed oven  Recovery from the effluent gas by means of carbon active filters  Pyrometallurgy of the Hg-rich carbon active  To be carried out by CIEMAT + Chemical Engineering Dept., UCLM

62. ► Wild plants: already seen Phytoextraction

63. Crandallitic immobilizator ► Lab synthesis of crandallitic compounds 3Al(OH) 3 + 2H 3 (PO 4 ) + 1/2SrCO 3 + 1/2CaCO 3 → → Ca 0.5 Sr 0.5 Al 3 (OH) 6 (HPO 4 )(PO 4 ) + CO 2 + 4H 2 O ► Reaction carried out at 60ºC in 1 dm 3 flasks magnetically stirred at 700 rpm under environmental pressure ► Reaction time: 15 days Monteagudo et al. (2003) Journal of Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 78: 399–405

64. Crandallitic immobilizator ► Characterization of the product  Chemical analysis Composition (% w/w) Amorphous Crystal O 36.11 51.37 Al 24.10 18.75 Sr 13.06 10.83 P 21.94 14.35 Ca 4.79 4.70

65. Crandallitic immobilizator ► Characterization of the product  Chemical analysis  Grain size

66. Crandallitic immobilizator ► Characterization of the product  Chemical analysis  Grain size  Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 15 days, 60ºC, Room press. 6 months, 200ºC, 15 bar

67. Crandallitic immobilizator ► Equilibrium and kinetic studies  Experimental isotherms for the Hg 2+ /(Ca 2+ -Sr 2+ ) exchange Parameters of the Langmuir equation Ion exchange reaction: 2 Ca 0,5 Sr 0,5 Al 3 (OH) 6 (HPO 4 )(PO 4 ) + 2 Hg 2+ ↔ ↔ 2 HgAl 3 (OH) 6 (HPO 4 )(PO 4 ) + Ca 2+ + Sr 2+

68. ► Equilibrium and kinetic studies  Experimental isotherms  Experimental kinetics: equilibrium in ≈ 30 s Crandallitic immobilizator

69. ► Equilibrium and kinetic studies  Experimental isotherms  Experimental kinetics: Lagergren plot, first order reaction K ad = 8,72 10 -2 s -1 Crandallitic immobilizator

70. ► Recovery studies  Thermal treatment: 800ºC → 99,9% recovery  Chemical treatment: Cl - (10 -4 to 5 10 -2 M) to form soluble HgCl 4 2- Hg-crandallite dissolution at optimum pH=2.25 Crandallitic immobilizator

71. ► Phytoextraction:  Poor results with agricultural plants  Some possibilities with wild vegetation ► Crandallitic immobilizator:  Good synthesis conditions  High Hg 2+ exchange capacity from mercurial waste waters, similar to that obtained with commercial exchangers such as resins Work done: Conclusions

72. Work to do ► Relay on National and European founding ► Techniques to apply  Immobilizator field application  Phytoremediation using wild vegetation  Electrodecontamination: Collaboration from the University of Malaga (Spain)  Soil and dumps covering to avoid light enhanced mercury vaporization