1. The limbic system, or motivational system, includes:
Amygdaloid body- Basal nucleus that acts as an interface between the limbic system, cerebrum, and sensory systems.
Plays role in regulation of heart rate, control of “fight/flight” response, and linking emotions with specific memories.
Cingulated gyrus- Sits superior to the corpus callosum.
NOTE: (pl.: gyri; prominent fold or ridge or neural cortex on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres).
Dentate and parahippocampal gyri- Form the posterior and inferior portions of the limbic lobe.
Hippocampus- Region, beneath the floor of a lateral ventricle, involved with emotional states and the conversion of short-term to long-term memories.

2. The limbic system, continue:
-Fornix: An arching tract that connects the hippocampus with the
mamillary bodies.
- Functions of the limbic system involved emotions and
behavioral drives

3. Figure 14.13 The Limbic System

4. Figure 14.14 The Brain in Section
Figure 14.14a

5. Figure 14.14 The Brain in Section
Figure 14.14b

6. The cerebral cortex Surface contains gyri and sulci (fissures)
Longitudinal fissure separates two cerebral hemispheres
Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes
Temporal and occipital lobes also bounded by sulci

7. White matter of the cerebrum
Contains:
Association fibers- Interconnect areas of neural cortex within a single cerebral hemisphere.
Shorter association fibers are called arcuate fibers as they curve in an arc to pass from one gyrus to another.
Commissural fibers- Interconnect and permit communication between the cerebral hemispheres.
Bands of commissural fibers linking the hemispheres include the corpus collasum and anterior commissure.
Projection fibers-Link the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

8. Figure 14.15 The White Matter of the Cerebrum

9. The basal nuclei
Basal Nuclei- Masses of gray matter that lie within each hemisphere deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle.
Are embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum.
Radiating projection fibers and commissural fibers travel around or between these nuclei.
Caudate nucleus- One of the basal nuclei involved with the subconscious control of skeletal muscular activity.
Lentiform- Consists of the medial globus pallidus and lateral putamen (Control muscle tone and coordinate learned movement patterns).

10. Motor and sensory areas of the cortex
Primary motor cortex of the precentral gyrus directs voluntary movements
Primary sensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus receives somatic sensory information
Touch
Pressure
Pain
Taste
Temperature

11. Figure 14.17 The Cerebral Hemispheres
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Figure 14.17

12. Association areas
Control our ability to understand sensory information and coordinate a response
Somatic sensory association area- Monitors activity in the primary sensory cortex.
Allows one to recognize a touch as light as a mosquito landing on one’s arm.
Visual association area- Monitors pattern of activity in visual cortex and interprets the result.
Ex.: interprets c, a, r as c+a+r or car.
Somatic motor association area (premotor cortex)- Responsible for coordination of learned movements.

13. general interpretive and speech areas
General interpretive area
Receives information from all sensory areas
Present only in left hemisphere
Speech center
Regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization

14. cortex functions and hemispheric differences
Prefrontal cortex
Coordinates information from secondary and special association areas
Performs abstract intellectual functions
Hemispheric differences
Left hemisphere typically contains general interpretive and speech centers and is responsible for language based skills
Right hemisphere is typically responsible for spatial relationships and analyses

15. Figure 14.18 Hemispheric Lateralization
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Figure 14.18

16. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Measures brain activity
Alpha waves = healthy resting adult
Beta waves = concentrating adult
Theta waves = normal children
Delta waves = normal during sleep

17. Figure Brain Waves
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Figure 14.19a-d

18. Focus: Cranial Nerves 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Each attaches to the ventrolateral surface of the brainstem near the associated sensory or motor nuclei

19. Figure 14.20 Origins of the Cranial Nerves
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Figure 14.20a

20. Figure 14.20 Origins of the Cranial Nerves
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Figure 14.20b

21. Figure 14.20 Origins of the Cranial Nerves
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Figure 14.20c