1. Chapter 3 – The Colonies Come of Age Objectives 1.To describe the prosperity of the English Colonies 2.To trace and characterize the economic and cultural development of the Northern and Southern colonies 3.To summarize the outcome of the French and Indian War, and analyze the factors that would lead to a strained relationship between England and it’s colonies

2. Section One – England and It’s Colonies I.England and it’s Colonies Prosper a. Mercantilism i. A country’s ultimate goal was self-sufficiency and all countries were in a competition to acquire the most gold and silver ii. They were also interested in a positive balance of trade iii. England looked to it’s colonies as a market for British goods and a source of raw materials

3. b. The Navigation Acts i. Raw materials (furs, tobacco, lumber) were being shipped to England and finished goods were being sent back (furniture, books) ii. Some merchants decided to trade with other countries, and England saw this as an economic threat iii. Navigation Acts Passed in 1651 1. No country could trade with the colonies unless the goods travelled in English or colonial ships 2. All vessels had to be operated by crews that were at least 3/4s English 3. The colonies could export some products only to England 4. Nearly all goods traded between the colonies and Europe had to pass through English ports first iv. There were some benefits to the colonists 1. spurred a boom in colonial shipbuilding

4. II. Tensions Emerge 1. Many colonists continued to smuggle goods 2. England did little to stop them until 1684 when King Charles II acted to punish the resisters a. Crackdown in Massachusetts 1. England revoked the colonial charter of Massachusetts (the Puritans) b. The Dominion of New England 1. James II united all the northern colonies under one ruler (for obedience) c. The Glorious Revolution 1. The colonial charter was restored (with some modifications….religious freedom) in Massachusetts after the English invited a Protestant (William of Orange) to take the thrown

5. III. England Loosens the Reins a. Salutatory Neglect 1. England relaxed its enforcement of most regulations in return for the economic loyalty of the colonists. b. The Seeds of Self-Government 1. Each colony was ruled by a governor who’s salary was paid by the colonial assembly 2. They used this power to influence colonial law to benefit them

6. Section Two – The Agricultural South I.A Plantation Economy Rises 1. Many planters raised a single cash crop i. Tobacco….MD,VA,NC ii. Rice and Indigo….SC and GA 2. Long, deep rivers allowed access by ocean-going vessels i. They could ship their goods directly to the north or Europe, thus few cities grew 3. The South developed largely as a rural, self-sufficient society

7. II. Life in Southern Society a. A Diverse and Prosperous People 1. Germans in MD, VA (grain, livestock, tobacco) 2. Scots and Scots-Irish in Western NC 3. Although most people were small farmers, the planter class controlled much of southern politics 4. An increase in export markets saw the colonies prosper b. The Role of Women 1. Few legal or social rights 2. Mostly taught social graces and domestic tasks (cooking, cleaning, gardening) 3. Must submit to their husband’s will

8. c. Indentured Servants 1. Made up more than half of the immigrants in the 1600’s 2. Many laborers decided to stay home with reports of hardship 3. Causes colonists to turn to slavery to meet labor needs III. Slavery Becomes Entrenched a. The Evolution of Slavery 1. Started with Native Americans (proved difficult) 2. Turned to African slaves after indentured servitude failed i. 13,000 by 1690…….200,000 by 1750

9. b. The European Slave Trade 1. Started in the Caribbean (Jamaica and Barbados) to work sugar plantations 2. Africans had become part of a transatlantic trading network described as the Triangular Trade (between Africa, Europe and the Americas) c. The Middle Passage 1. The name of the voyage that brought Africans to the West Indies and later North America

10. d. Slavery in the South 1. 80%-90% of African slaves worked in fields 2. The rest worked as domestic slaves 3. They worked full time from age 12 to death IV. Africans Cope in Their New World a. Culture and Family 1. Preserved their cultural heritage although slave owners/merchants could split families b. Resistance and Revolt 1. Many slaved resisted their subservience 2. Stono Rebellion in 1739 (Charleston, SC) 3. Colonists tighten slave laws although revolts continue

11. Section Three – The Commercial North I.Commerce Grows in the North a. A Diversified Economy 1. Produced several crops instead of one 2. Ships (1/3 rd of all British ships by 1760), iron (more than England), wheat, fish, lumber 3. Developed a strong and powerful merchant class b. Urban Life 1. Important port cities grew (Boston, New York, Philadelphia) 2. Philadelphia was laid out in a grid pattern with parks, police patrols and paved streets

12. II. Northern Society is Diverse a. Influx of Immigrants (other than English) 1. Germans…PA 2. Dutch…NY 3. Scandanavians…DE 4. Scots, Scots-Irish…western PA b. Slavery in the North 1. Less incentive to turn to slavery because the crops weren’t as labor intensive 2. Slaves did have a few more rights (right of appeal)

13. c. Women in Northern Society 1. Extensive work responsibilities but few legal rights 2. Religion and law kept women under their husband’s rule d. Witchcraft Trials in Salem 1. In 1692 false acquisitions of witchcraft led to trials 2. Many accusers were poor accusing the rich 3. Women considered too independent were often accused 4. Highlighted social and religious tensions in Massachusetts

14. III. New Ideas Influence the Colonists a. The Enlightenment 1. For centuries philosophers used reason, science to explain world 2. Enlightenment—movement in 1700s emphasizing reason, observation 3. Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through books, pamphlets 4. Benjamin Franklin embraces Enlightenment ideas 5. Other colonial leaders also adopt Enlightenment views

15. b. The Great Awakening 1. Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society, membership declines 2. Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful, must seek God’s mercy 3. Great Awakening—religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s 4. Native Americans, African Americans, colonists join new churches 5. Interest in learning increases; Protestants found colleges 6. Both movements question authority, stress individual’s importance

16. Section Four – The French and Indian War I.Rivals for an Empire a.France’s North American Empire 1. In the 1750’s the French and English were competing over the Ohio River Valley 2. France claims St. Lawrence River region, Mississippi Valley 3. By 1754, French colony of New France has small population 4. French colonists mostly fur traders, missionary priests 5. French have good relations, military alliances with natives

17. II. Britain Defeats and Old Enemy 1. France and Britain fight two inconclusive wars in early 1700s 2. French build Fort Duquesne in Ohio Valley, land claimed by Virginia 3. In 1754, George Washington is sent to evict French; is defeated 4. French and Indian War begins—fourth war between Britain and France a. Early French Victories 1. General Edward Braddock’s army ambushed near Fort Duquesne 2. 1755–1756, British lose repeated battles to French, native allies b. Pitt and the Iroquois Turn the Tide 1. The Iroquois realized the tide was turning for the Brits and tried to get the other tribes to stop fighting. 2. British eventually seized Fort Duquesne and Quebec 3. Treaty of Paris A.Eliminated French power in North America (New France – Canada B.Britain gained Florida to give Cuba and the Philippines back

18. c. Victory Brings New Problems 1. Ottawa leader Pontiac fears loss of land in defiance of British treaties 2. Pontiac fights back and captures British forts 3. British use smallpox as weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened 4. Proclamation of 1763—colonists cannot settle west of Appalachians

19. III. The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart a.British Policies Anger Colonists 1. Halt to western expansion upsets colonists 2. Tensions in Massachusetts increase over crackdown on smuggling 3. Writs of assistance allow searches of ships, businesses, homes b.Problems Resulting From the War 1. Colonists feel threatened by British troops stationed in colonies 2. Prime Minister George Grenville sets policies to pay war debt 3. Parliament passes Sugar Act (1764): 1. duty on foreign molasses halved 2. new duties placed on other imports 3. smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty court a. Juries not sympathetic to smugglers