1. Learning Review Game Test Tuesday

2. Once Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n): 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Unconditioned stimulus 2.Neutral stimulus 3.Conditioned stimulus 4.Responsive Stimulus 5.Conditioned response

3. Shaping is: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.A pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completed 2.Rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior 3.Completing a set of behaviors in succession before a reward is given 4.Giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you will eat more carrots 5.Inhibition of new learning by previous learning

4. John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is he rewarded? 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Continuous reinforcement 2.Fixed ratio 3.Fixed interval 4.Variable ratio 5.Variable interval

5. Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Primary reinforcers 2.Classical conditioning 3.Secondary reinforcers 4.Negative reinforcers 5.Unconditined reinforcers

6. Watson’s classical conditioning of “Little Albert” was helpful in explaining that: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Some conditioned stimuli do not generalize 2.Human emotions such as fear are subject to classical conditioning 3.Drug dependency is subject to classical conditioning as well as operant conditioning 4.Small children are not as easily conditioned as older children 5.Fear of rats and rabbits are innate responses previously undiscovered

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8. Jamel got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his friend’s house. He didn’t know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blamed his illness on mushrooms, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for his taste aversion to mushrooms? 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Pizza 2.Stomach virus 3.Mushrooms 4.Headache 5.Aversion to mushrooms

9. While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a chemistry problem you’d been working on several hours before. This is an example of: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Insight 2.Backward conditioning 3.Latent learning 4.Discrimination 5.The Premack Principle

10. Latent learning is best described by which of the following: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Innate responses of an organism preventing new learning and associations 2.Unconscious meaning that is attributed to new response patterns 3.Response patterns that become extinguished gradually over time 4.Delayed responses that occur when new stimuli are paired with familiar ones 5.Learning that occurs in the absence of rewards

11. Rats were more likely to learn an aversion to sour foods than bright lights. This illustrates: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Insight 2.Preparedness 3.Extinction 4.Observational learning 5.Generalization

12. Spontaneous recovery refers to the: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Extinction of a previously learned behavior 2.Disappearance of a previously extinguished US after a rest period 3.Return of a behavior after a conditioning phase has ended 4.Tendency of newly acquired responses to be intermittent at first 5.Organism’s tendency to forget previously learned responses, but to relearn them more quickly during a second training period

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14. Which of the following would be an example of learning? 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.A newborn infant sucks on a bottle filled with milk 2.A teenager falls asleep after staying after for 96 hours 3.A rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet 4.A patient clenches his teeth when he sees the dentist’s drill, even though he has never had a tooth filled 5.A student jumps when she hears someone drop a book in the library stacks

15. An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus that: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Triggers a learned response 2.Is based upon its association with another unconditioned stimulus 3.Provides positive or negative reinforcement 4.Naturally elicits a reflexive behavior 5.Inhibits previously learned behavior

16. The initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus is known as: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Prompting 2.Trial and error learning 3.Acquisition 4.Insight learning 5.Shaping

17. Which one of the following poses a problem for classical conditioning theory? 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Conditioning usually occurs gradually 2.Experimental nervosis 3.Taste aversions are learned through observation 4.Taste aversions are generalizable 5.Taste aversions develop after a long time delay between the CS and the UCS

18. These are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes 2.Successive approximations 3.Rewards and Punishments 4.Conditioned and unconditioned stimuli 5.Discrimination and generalization

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20. Negative and positive reinforcers are similar in that these always ______ the likelihood of ensuing responses. 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Decrease 2.Increase 3.Extinguish 4.Eliminate 5.Have no effect on

21. The Premack principle states that: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.A preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred one 2.In order to be effective, reinforcement must be unpredictable 3.Reinforcement is more effective than punishment 4.Punishment must be used consistently and immediately 5.Using two types of punishment works better than using only one

22. Which of the following is true of punishment? 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Punishment may involve the application of an aversive stimulus 2.Punishment must be used consistently in order to be effective 3.Aggression may be produced by punishment 4.Punishment interferes with the learning of new and better behaviors 5.All of the above are correct

23. Tolman concluded that the rats he ran through mazes had created _________ to help them find where the food was placed. 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Insight learning 2.Cognitive maps 3.Classical conditioning 4.Observational learning 5.Operant conditioning

24. Your brother comes home after curfew and is grounded by your parents. In the future, you come home on time. This type of learning is best explained by: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Social learning 2.Insight learning 3.Classical conditioning 4.Operant conditioning 5.Vicarious trial and error

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26. _______ reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently. 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Watson 2.Thorndike 3.Tolman 4.Bandura 5.Garcia

27. Thorndike’s Law of Effect said that an organism will learn to perform responses that are: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Preceded by a conditioned stimulus 2.Reflexive 3.Prompted 4.Preceded by a neutral stimulus 5.Rewarded

28. Which one of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer? 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.Money 2.Achievement 3.Food 4.Status 5.Both 1 and 3

29. Which of the following proved to be difficult to explain in purely behavioral terms? 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.A child learning to read by receiving rewards 2.A pigeon learning to press a lever in a Skinner box for a food reward 3.A chimpanzee using a pile of boxes and a stick to obtain food hung high in its cage 4.A dog salivating at the sound of a bell 5.A trained seal doing a trick for a fish

30. Operant conditioning, in contrast with classical conditioning, emphasizes events (such as rewards and punishments) that occur: 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324252627282930 20 1.After the behavior 2.Concurrently with another response 3.At the same time as another stimulus 4.During the behavior 5.Before the behavior

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