1. Texans Go to War
Unit 6:
Chapter 15 Sections 2-3

2. In its declaration of secession, Texas stated that it intended to go to war to preserve a southern way of life that made racial distinctions, in part, by maintaining blacks in a condition of servitude.

3. Civil War Begins
The Civil War begins on April 1861 at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina
Confederate forces fire on a Union fort in the harbor and war begins
Beauregard vs. Anderson – Friends yet enemies. Beauregard led the Confederate troops and Anderson led the Union troops.

4. Many Texans Become Soldiers
Thousands of Texans like other Southerners joined the Confederate army immediately.
In April 1862, the Confederate Congress passed the Conscription Act which required men of a certain age to serve in the Confederate military
German Americans and many other European immigrants to Texas objected to fighting against the Union.

5. The two highest-ranking Texans in the Confederate army were Albert Sidney Johnston and John Bell Hood.

6. Most Texans Support the South
After the war began, most Texans who previously had been against secession now supported the Confederacy.
James W. Throckmorton, who had voted against secession, realized that he could not fight against Texas.
About 60,000 Texans joined the armed forces of the Confederacy.

7. 5TH TEXAS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, CO. K

8. Some Texans Aid the Union
About 2,000 Texas Unionists, including 50 African-Americans, took up arms for the Union. Mexican-Americans served on both sides of the war.
Many Texas Unionists who did not want to fight on either side left Texas.

9. Major Battles of the Civil War

10. Study the charts that follow and decide: What were the Union Advantages? What were the Confederate Advantages?

11. Rating the North & South - Population

12. Railroad Lines in 1860

13. Industries & Workers: North & South

14. Soldiers Present for Duty in the Civil War

15. Copy on back page:

16. Union “Anaconda” Plan 1. Capture Richmond, Virginia
Capital of Confederacy
2. Blockade Southern ports
Prevent trade with other countries
3. Capture the Mississippi River
Cut Confederacy in half
Cut off trade routes from New Orleans and Texas

17. Strategies
Union strategy to conquer South was called the Anaconda Plan.
Confederate strategy to win the Union:
1) defend the Confederate states
2) invade Northern states if opportunity arises

18. Union “Anaconda” Plan For chart on #15:
List the 3 parts of the Anaconda Plan.
Identify a G-PERSIA category or categories that explains the purpose of each part.

19. Anaconda Plan

21. Texas-Mexico Trade Routes
Texas was economically important to the Confederacy because the Confederacy was able to conduct foreign trade through Mexico by way of Texas.

22. The Progress of War

23. Ft Sumter April 12, 1861 Charleston Harbor – Charleston, S.C.
Union surrendered the fort

26. Significance of Ft. Sumter
Led to the secession of Virginia (VA), Arkansas (AR), Tennessee (TN), and North Carolina (NC)
First military action of the war
This is the start of the Civil War!

27. First Battle of Bull Run
July 21, 1861
Manassas, Virginia (also called “1st Manassas”)
30 miles from Washington, D.C.
Confederates won the battle, but failed to force the Union army to retreat.
4,700 killed/wounded/captured (K/W/C)

30. Significance of Bull Run
First major battle of the war
Confederate victory and a major morale boost for the South.
It showed both sides that the War would not go exactly as expected-people thought the war would be over in a few days—it would last 4 years.

31. Battle of Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee
near Shiloh Church
Confederate army drove Union back on the first day, but the Union won the battle the second day.
24,000 K/W/C

33. Significance of Shiloh
Texas General Albert Sidney Johnston killed.
Considered one of South’s best Generals
His death was a severe blow to Confederate Army
Fought at Battle of San Jacinto
Showed Americans that this would be a long and bloody war.
It also showed the determination and skill of Ulysses S. Grant.

34. Battle of Antietam September 17, 1862
Bloodiest single day of the Civil War
Bloodiest single day battle in American History!
Battle is a Standoff and no side wins
28,000 killed (more WC)

37. Battle of Gettysburg July 1 - 3, 1863 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
General R.E. Lee led Confederate forces into the North. The Union army defeated the confederates in a costly 3 day battle
46,000 K/W/C
Bloodiest battle of the entire Civil War!

39. Significance of Gettysburg
Turning point of the war
Confederate invasion of the North failed. It was a HUGE morale defeat for the South.
Combined with the defeat at Vicksburg the next day, the South was never able to recover.

40. Vicksburg May 18 - July 4, 1863 Vicksburg, Mississippi
on Mississippi River
Confederates surrender after 47 day Union siege of the city.
36,000 K/W/C

42. Significance of Vicksburg
Ulysses S. Grant took control of the Mississippi River.
Split the confederacy in half and cut off important trade routes through New Orleans and Texas.

43. Texans on the Attack
The Confederacy’s first objective was to overtake Union garrisons and supplies.
Texas launched a preventive strike on Union Forces in New Mexico.
The New Mexico Campaign failed and was abandoned in July 1862.

45. Battle of Galveston Union ships blockade Texas ports.
Cotton was transported through Mexico and sent to Europe in exchange for war supplies.
In October 1862 Union forces attacked and captured Galveston.
Texas Confederate forces retook Galveston in January 1863.

47. The Emancipation Proclamation

48. Emancipation Proclamation
By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war.
Terms of the Proclamation:
1) Frees slaves in the Confederate states
2) Does NOT apply to areas occupied by the Union or states
where slavery is permitted in the Union – (border states of Missouri and Kentucky)
Discourages Britain from supporting/joining the Confederacy
The Proclamation brings mixed reactions….

49. Emancipation in 1863

50. Some Reactions: gives war a higher moral purpose
Free blacks can now join Union army and fight against slavery
Northern Democrats claim it will antagonize the South and prolong the war
Confederacy now MORE DETERMINED to fight to keep slavery
No chance of compromise now-one side must WIN and the other side must LOSE!

51. Texans Defend Sabine Pass
Confederate soldiers defeated Union forces at Sabine Pass.
Dick Dowling and the Davis Guards played a major role by capturing 350 soldiers and two boats.
The Battle of Sabine Pass was an important Confederate victory, foiling the Union’s major campaign against Texas.

52. The Battle of Sabine Pass
"There is no parallel in ancient or modern warfare to the victory of Dowling and his men at Sabine Pass considering the great odds against which they had to contend" Jefferson Davis
The Battle of Sabine Pass
September 8, 1863
In the fall of 1863, Confederate forces under the command of Lt. Richard Dowling turned back a much larger Union invasion force at the battle of Sabine Pass.

53. Forces Battle over Brownsville
Hoping to cut off the overland supply line, the Union focused on Brownsville.
In November 1863 Confederate troops drove back a Union attack on Brownsville.

54. Red River and Beyond
Union forces captured New Orleans. With 25,000 troops, the Union forces moved toward East Texas.
A smaller Confederate army led by Thomas “Tom” Green, met Union forces 25 miles from the Texas border in one of the bloodiest campaigns.

55. Red River and Beyond
Hood’s Texas Brigade and Terry’s Texas Rangers served bravely
Terry’s Texas Rangers served in more battles than any other cavalry regiment in the Civil War.
General Robert E. Lee called Hood’s men his “finest soldiers.”

56. 1864: Life During Wartime
The Civil War brings about dramatic social and economic changes in American society including:
1) African Americans join the Union army to fight
2) Other slaves seek freedom behind Union army lines
3) On plantations: some destroy property, others refuse to leave

57. Black Troops Freeing Slaves

58. War Affects Regional Economies
FOOD SHORTAGES in the South
Food shortages from lost manpower, Union occupation, loss of slaves
Blockade creates other shortages; some Confederates trade with enemy
ECONOMY BOOM in the North
Industries that supply army boom
Wages do not keep up with prices; workers’ standard of living drops
Women replace men on farms, city jobs, government jobs
Congress establishes first income tax on earnings to pay for war

59. Inflation in the South

60. Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
More soldiers died from Dysentery (diarrhea) than were killed in battle
Lived in unsanitary camps, conditions (epidemics easily spread) wash hands 1/day, bathe 1/week
75% of surgeries were amputations (saw often used on 1 person after another w/o sanitizing)
- fingers the most amputated body part

61. Casualties on Both Sides

62. Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

63. The Civil War ENDS The Election of 1864
1) Lincoln re-elected for 2nd term
IT’S OVER! The Surrender at Appomattox
1) Confederate President Jefferson Davis’s government flee Richmond and burn it to the ground
2) Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse
- Confederate soldiers pardoned on generous terms by Grant

64. Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865
After the War ended, Lee dedicated his home [above] in Arlington, Virginia for a military burial grounds – today known as the Arlington National Cemetery

65. Battle of Palmito Ranch
The final battle of the Civil War took place on May 12, 1865, at Palmito Ranch, near Brownsville.
Confederate soldiers did not know that the war was over.
Texans learned from their prisoners that Lee had surrendered a month earlier.

66. The War Changes Lives New Birth of Freedom
1) 1865: 13th Amendment abolishes slavery in all states
Some Follow New Paths
1) Some soldiers stay in army, others are civilians, many go west

67. The War Changes our Future
Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln
1) April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theatre
2) Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, is later trapped by Union cavalry and shot
3) 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train

68. Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

70. The Assassin

71. Now He Belongs to the Ages!

72. The Execution

73. Milton Holland Holland was an African-American Texan.
He joined the Union Army and served as Sergeant Major in the 5th U.S. Colored Infantry Regiment.
He was issued the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle at Chaffin's Farm in September 1864.

74. Colonel Santos Benavides
Santos Benavides was a Mexican-American Colonel in the Civil War and the highest-ranking Tejano soldier in the Confederate military.
He led Confederate troops to defend Laredo against Union troops and participated in the Battle of Palmito Ranch.