1. Hubbard’s 100 Key Events In History
Climb the mountain of success

2. Columbian Exchange
Contact from Christopher Columbus in 1492 and other explorers
Exchange between West and East
Introduced new foods, vegetation and livestock
Also devastated cultures with disease, slavery and conquests

3. Protestant Reformation
Protested Catholic control
Catholic Church lost political control of many European kingdoms
Led by Martin Luther and John Calvin who found Catholic teachings contrary to the Bible

4. English Reformation
Attempts by Henry VIII and Elizabeth to rid England of Catholic control
Created the Church of England with the monarch as the head of the church

5. Counter Reformation
Attempt to reform Catholic Church and regain control of Europe
Jesuit missionaries tried to expand influence of church
Council of Trent met to strengthen the church and encourage Protestants to return to the church

6. Jamestown First permanent English colony in America
John Rolfe made tobacco the cash crop that made the colony profitable
Powhatan Indians helped the colony survive and later fought with the colonists

7. House of Burgesses 1619 Virginia Colony
First Representative Legislature in the American colonies
British had a policy of salutary neglect- let the colonies govern themselves

8. Mercantilism Markets and materials mean money for the mother country
Colonies were for making profits
Triangular trade across the Atlantic Ocean of raw materials, slaves and manufactured goods
England passed Navigation Acts so colonies could trade only with England

9. Founding of New Amsterdam
New York was originally founded by the Dutch
Set up as a fur trading post
Key port city for trade
England took the colony

10. Bacon’s Rebellion
Indentured servants became small landowners in the western part of Virginia
Conflicts arose with the Indians
Nathaniel Bacon led a group of armed settlers against the government led by the wealthy ruling class
Virginia turned to slavery for labor

11. Founding of Pennsylvania
William Penn founded the colony as a haven for the Quakers
Attracted other religious groups because they practiced tolerance
Diverse colony of many religions, middle class workers and languages

12. English Revolution Conflict between king and Parliament
King Charles I was executed and Oliver Cromwell took over
After his death, England re-established the monarch – William and Mary
Return of monarch called Glorious Revolution because of peaceful change

13. Salem Witch Trials Division over church power and economic status
25 people were put to death as “witches”
Attempt to protect the Puritan control of Massachusetts

14. Middle Passage Route of slaves from Africa to the West Indies
Slaves learned skills needed to work as slaves in the colonies
Middle part of Triangular Trade
Many died before ever reaching America

15. French and Indian War
War between England and France over Ohio Territory
France lost control of colonies and the war
American colonists lost respect for England and their control of the colonies

16. Social Contract Theory
Written by Rousseau
Idea that the will of the people was a contract with the government
All must abide by this contract/agreement

17. Proclamation of 1763
Attempt by England to keep setters out of the Ohio Valley
Colonists could not settle past the Appalachian Mountains
Colonists ignored the law

18. Treaty of Paris of 1763
Ended the French and Indian War between England and France
France gave up claims to western lands between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River

19. Stamp Act Placed a tax on all printed documents
Documents had to have a stamp placed on them to show the tax was paid
Attempt by England to raise money to pay for costs of soldiers in the colonies
Colonists boycotted and refused to obey
Protest groups – Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty formed

20. Intolerable Acts Also called the Coercive Acts
Laws to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party
Closed Boston harbor and created a military governor for Massachusetts

21. Common Sense Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine
Argued that it only made common sense to for the colonies to fight for independence

22. Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson and others
Listed the grievances against the King
Said the colonies were free and independent from England
Used ideas from John Locke – natural rights of life, liberty and property

23. American Revolution American colonies fought for freedom from England
George Washington led the Americans Continental Army
England lost the war and the colonies

24. Crossing the Delaware
George Washington surprised the enemy by crossing the Delaware River attacking the British hired soldiers- the Hessians on Christmas night
Washington’s victories in New Jersey lifted American morale in the war

25. Valley Forge Washington endured a harsh winter at Valley Forge
Troops trained and learned effective fighting styles
Kept up morale of the troops

26. Yorktown Final battle of the American Revolution
England surrendered under Lord Cornwallis
French navy blockaded the English escape and helped win the battle

27. Treaty of Paris 1783 Ended the American Revolution
US gained all territory from Atlantic to Mississippi River

28. Articles of Confederation
First government of the United States
Weak government that could not levy taxes
Was a league of states not a union

29. Shays Rebellion Massachusetts tried to collect taxes
Daniel Shays led a rebellion to help save farmers from the taxes
Congress and the Articles of Confederation could not help due to weak government
Led to US Constitution and strong government

30. U.S. Constitution 1787, new stronger government for the United States
Allowed for 3 separate branches, checks and balances
Ideas of James Madison’s Virginia Plan were used to make compromises for the new government

31. Great Compromise Connecticut Plan Set up two house legislature
Created a Senate for small states and House of Representatives for large states

32. The Federalist Series of articles supporting the Constitution
Favored a strong central government
Led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton

33. French Revolution
Economic hardships led to a revolution between the upper classes and the lower classes
King and Queen were beheaded
Reign of Terror resulted from the revolution
Napoleon seized power and ruled France

34. Haiti Revolution Black slaves led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
Fought the French and won
Created independent nation of Haiti

35. Whiskey Rebellion Unpopular tax resulted in rebellion
Washington sent troops against the Pennsylvania farmers
Showed the power of the new government under the Constitution

36. Proclamation of Neutrality
Washington’ Farewell Address warned of entangling alliances with European powers
Created isolation policy in US to stay out of Europe’s affairs

37. Louisiana Purchase
1803, Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from the French
Doubled the size of the country
US began to use its own resources rather than foreign nations
Lewis and Clark explored the region creating a westward movement

38. War of 1812
War with the British over the Ohio Valley and the threat of Indians
British invaded and burned Washington,D.C.
American spirit of nationalism grew as American symbols were created: Star Spangled Banner, The White House, the flag

39. Missouri Compromise Divided Louisiana Territory
States north of would be free, those south would have slavery
Designed to maintain balance in Congress between free and slave states

40. Monroe Doctrine James Monroe led Era of Good Feelings
Nation was confident and began to take control of North America against Europe
Told European countries to stay out of our hemisphere

41. Jacksonian Democracy
Andrew Jackson inspired universal male suffrage for common man
Spoils System rewarded his supporters with govt jobs
Indian Removal (Cherokees) on Trail of Tears from Georgia to Oklahoma
Reform Movements: Education-Horace Mann, Temperance, Abolition

42. Nullification Crisis
John C. Calhoun of South Carolina argued for states’ rights against federal laws
President Jackson said the federal government was over states
Henry Clay wrote compromise but leaders still argued issue until Civil War broke out

43. Seneca Falls Conference
Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first women’s convention to call for women’s suffrage (the right to vote)
First organized women’s rights movement

44. Manifest Destiny
Idea that it was God’s will that Americans should expand the nation from sea to sea
President Polk signed agreement to divide the Oregon Territory with Britain
Newspaper articles encouraged people to move west on the Oregon Trail and live out this destiny

45. Mexican War War with Mexico over the border of Texas
US took New Mexico, California and paid Mexico for the new lands
Gold was discovered in California led to Gold Rush of 1849
Gadsden Purchase was final strip of land below Arizona and New Mexico

46. Wilmot Proviso
Plan to ban slavery from territory gained in the Mexican War
Voted down in Congress over strong division on slavery

47. Compromise of 1850 Admitted California as a free state
Utah and New Mexico were allowed to vote on slavery – popular sovereignty

48. Kansas-Nebraska Act
Allowed previously free territory to vote on slavery
Ended in violence as both free and slave rushed to the territory – Bleeding Kansas

49. Dred Scott Case Court case Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom
Court ruled that slaves were property and upheld slavery as legal

50. John Brown’s Raid Harper’s Ferry Virginia
Attempt to overtake federal arsenal and get weapons
Weapons would be given to blacks who would help lead a slave rebellion
John Brown was caught and executed

51. Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed slaves free in Confederate states
Encouraged free blacks to serve in the Union army

52. Gettysburg Turning point in the Civil War
Union forces won every major battle after this
Bloodies battle in the war

53. Vicksburg
Union troops took the last place on the Mississippi River under Confederate control
Ulysses Grant laid siege to the city and citizens surrendered after almost starving

54. Battle of Atlanta William T. Sherman took the city
Began March to the Sea burning much of Georgia as his troops moved towards Savannah
Civil War ended at Appomattox Court House with Robert E. Lee surrendering to Ulysses Grant

55. Presidential Reconstruction
After Lincoln’s assassination, Andrew Johnson became president
His plan of ending the war was to rebuild the south
Many southerners regained power under this plan

56. Radical Reconstruction
Members of the Republican Party took control of Reconstruction
Plan was the punish the south for the Civil War
Harsh guidelines were imposed

57. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Battle between Congress and Johnson over Reconstruction ended in impeachment of Johnson
Found innocent but Johnson lost control of government

58. Freedmen’s Bureau First Federal Relief program
Designed to help former slaves
Provided food, clothing, shelter, medical aid, education and even land
Violent groups – Ku Klux Klan formed to fight against black rights

59. Industrialization
Transcontinental Railroad Union Pacific and Central Pacific connected at Promontory Point, Utah built by Chinese and Irish immigrants
Bessemer Process made steel cheaper
John D. Rockefeller made millions with Standard Oil monopoly

60. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Feeling of Nativism- opposition to immigration grew in America
Government tried to limit immigration to stop violent attacks against immigrants
Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally coming to America

61. Wounded Knee
Settlers moved west for farming, cattle ranching, and mining
Native Americans were forced to relocate to reservations
Sioux Indians followed Wovoka in Ghost Dance ritual to regain lands
Wounded Knee was sight on army massacre of unarmed Indian men, women and children

62. Plessy v. Ferguson
Homer Plessy claimed Jim Crow laws of segregation were unconstitutional
Supreme Court upheld Jim Crow Laws
Separate but equal was alright if facilities were equal

63. Spanish-American War War with Spain – Lasted 3 months
Fought over Cuba and Philippines
“A Splendid Little War”
Divided US on Expansion and Isolationism
Gained territory and control of Cuba, Guam, Philippines and Puerto Rico

64. Panama Canal
Needed to allow US ships to travel between Caribbean and Pacific Oceans
Started a revolution for Panama to be free from Columbian control
Military and Economic purpose

65. Roosevelt Corollary Expanded Monroe Doctrine
US would intervene in Latin America if a nation had trouble paying its debt
“Big Stick Diplomacy” – US would use force if needed

66. Progressive Era
Muckrakers – Ida Tarbell revealed abuses of monopolies, Upton Sinclair revealed abuses in the meat packing industry
Jane Addams opened settlement house – the Hull House for the poor
Carrie Nation smashed saloons for prohibition – 18th Amendment
Susan B. Anthony led women’s suffrage – 19th Amendment
Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives- led struggles for labor and living improvements

67. NAACP Founding
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Devoted to progress of African American community
Wanted political, legal and social equality

68. World War I
Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germans – sinking of Lusitania led to anti-German hysteria
Anti-German sentiment and Zimmerman Telegram caused Americans to call for war
US entered in 1917, War ended in 1918
Great Migration - many blacks moved north for jobs

69. Russian Revolution 1917 – Overthrow of Russian Czar
Bolshevik Revolution ended the monarchy in Russia
Communist Rulers took over
Led to fear in US – Red Scare
Anarchist bombings and assassinations spread more fear

70. Treaty of Versailles Ended World War I in Europe
US President Wilson presented Fourteen Point Peace Plan
US signed a separate treaty
Did not sign treaty because US feared commitment to League of Nations would be binding
US returned to isolationism

71. Prohibition 18th Amendment ended the sale and manufacture of alcohol
Led to increased crime and illegal manufacture of alcohol

72. Harlem Renaissance
Flowering of Black culture and heritage during the 1920s
Black authors (Langston Hughes), musicians (Louis Armstrong) and actors portrayed a rich history of blacks
Centered in Harlem, New York

73. Great Depression
Overproduction and Underconsumption then Stock Market Speculation led to Stock Market crash
People buying on credit
Widespread unemployment
Banks and Businesses closed
Dust Bowl in Midwest caused more problems

74. Hoovervilles Homeless workers gathered in cities in shacks
Called Hoovervilles after President Hoover who was blamed for not responding to peoples needs

75. Tennessee Valley Authority
TVA
Built Hydroelectric dams on the Tennessee River to create jobs and provide cheap electricity to the South

76. Second New Deal Second part of FDR’s New Deal
Designed to change laws and fix economic problems for future relief

77. Social Security Act Part of New Deal
Established retirement income for people over 65

78. Wagner Act Protected rights of workers
Allowed for collective bargaining for better working conditions
Shift in govt to support workers and unions – pro-labor

79. Pearl Harbor Japanese attack brought US into WWII
“A day that will live in infamy”
December 7, 1941
Japanese Americans were put in internment camps because of fear from the attack

80. War in the Pacific
Japan invaded the Philippines and forced prisoners to walk across the island – the Bataan Death March
Battle of Midway was turning point as US started island hopping and getting back one island at a time
Kamikaze pilots were Japanese who crashed their planes into US ships in final effort to defeat Americans

81. Teheran Conference
Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met to plan invasion of Europe and defeat Germany
Called the Big Three
Plan was known as D-Day – June 6,1944
General Dwight Eisenhower was to lead the amphibious invasion at Normandy

82. Yalta Conference Big Three Met again
Divided Germany into four zones after the war
Promised Stalin (Soviets) land in parts of Europe after the defeat of Germany
Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan

83. Potsdam Conference
Truman, Churchill and Stalin agreed to allow only unconditional surrender of Japan
Japan refused
Truman decided to use the atomic bomb

84. Los Alamos US development of atomic bomb Manhattan Project
Tested the weapons at Los Alamos, New Mexico
Truman authorized the use of the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Japan finally surrendered

85. United Nations Peace keeping organization set up at end of WWII
Successful version of earlier League of Nations
Led by a Security Council – 5 nations: US, Britain, France, Russia and China

86. Containment Policy After WWII – control the Soviets
Plan to contain communism and not allow it to spread to other nations
Division between East and West Germany was called the Iron Curtain
Eastern European countries were called Satellite Nations under Soviet Communism

87. Marshall Plan Plan to give aid to Western Europe to rebuild after WWII
Economic aid was designed to stop to influence of communism

88. Truman Doctrine After WWII
President Truman said US would intervene and aid countries overseas resisting communism
Berlin, Germany was cut off from west by communists
US sent supplies in Berlin Airlift

89. Revolution in India Attempt to overthrow British rule in India
Led by Gandhi (Hindu leader) as a nonviolent protest
Pakistan created as an independent Muslim state

90. Formation of Nation of Israel
United Nations helped found country
Holocaust of WWII left Jewish refugees without a home
Zionism (Jewish nationalism) feeling grew
Palestine was given to the Jews and many Arab nations resented US involvement

91. Chinese Communist Revolution
After WWII, Soviets supported communist revolution in China under Mao
Nationalist Chinese fled to Taiwan Island

92. Korean War
Communist North Korea invaded South Korea as an attempt to make it communist
UN and US troops saved the South from takeover
President Truman had integrated the military with blacks and whites fighting in same units
Country remained divided

93. Sputnik1 Soviets launched first satellite into space
US quickly beefed up math and sciences in the schools to catch up with the communist Soviets
Space Race had begun

94. Brown v. Board of Education
1954 court case that said there is no such thing as separate but equal
Ended segregation in the schools
Schools took almost 20 years to abide by the decision

95. Little Rock Incident
Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas had nine black students attempt to attend
Governor tried to stop them, President Eisenhower protected them
James Meredith tried to attend the University of Mississippi- succeeded

96. Freedom Riders
Civil rights struggle included efforts to end segregation on buses
Freedom riders were young people of all races riding the bus lines across the south
SNCC- Student Nonviolence Coordinating Committee formed by black college students

97. Civil Rights Act of 1964
Pushed through Congress by President Lyndon Johnson
Prohibited segregation in public accommodations

98. Voting Rights Act of 1965
Allowed the president to suspend literacy tests for voter registration
Registered black voters throughout the south

99. Globalization OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Controls the cost and supply of oil from countries around the globe
World Trade Organization - monitors countries to abide by trade agreements

100. NOW -National Organization of Women
Founded by Betty Friedan in the 1960s
Advocated equality between men and women
Group supporters were called feminists

101. Earth Day Started in April 1970
Attempt to save the earth from chemicals
Became annual event to save the environment
Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring wrote about pollution and chemical disasters