1. PWMI1 Sorting, collecting, treating model study of discharged plastics from office buildings in Tokyo and environmental evaluation of scenarios in this model using LCA Junichi Nakahashi Plastic Waste Management Institute, Japan

2. PWMI2 Current status of plastic waste discharge and treatment in Tokyo Industrial Plastic Waste (Tokyo 2004) Discharge 510,000 t/y Recycling 11 % Incineration 12% Landfill 77% ref. Household Plastic Waste (Tokyo 2004) Discharge 500,000 t/y Recycling 3% Incineration 34% Landfill 63% Discharged industrial plastic waste in Tokyo is 50,0000t/y and 77% of it is currently properly disposed to landfill site.

3. PWMI3 Tokyo has changed its policy on plastic waste treatment in 2006 Previous one “Plastic is non-combustible waste and is permitted to dispose to landfill site.” New one “Plastic is not good to dispose to landfill site and should be treated other than disposal to landfill site.” in 2006

4. PWMI4 project members 3R promoting forum (Well-informed persons) Tokyo industrial waste association Tokyo (Promoter) Japan cement association (Energy recovering business) Tokyo building maintenance association Japan RPF (Refuse Plastic and Paper Fuel) industrial association Plastic Waste Management Institute (Secretariat) Industrial plastic waste treating system project Tokyo chamber of commerce (Discharger) Tokyo environment maintenance public corporation Building owners managers association, Tokyo Project “Sorting, collecting, treating model study of discharged plastics from office buildings in Tokyo” Entrustment To Plastic Waste Management Institute (PWMI) By Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Year (Carried out during) 2006/04-2007/03 Project “Sorting, collecting, treating model study of discharged plastics from office buildings in Tokyo”

5. PWMI5 Plastic waste collecting system Plastic waste for utilizing Waste not utilized Bag of plastic net Recycler Collecting truck Sorting & Packing facility Not sorting BLDG. Sorting BLDG. Transparent yellow plastic bag Sorting & Packing Collecting and treating system adopted in this project

6. PWMI6 Scenarios of sorting, collecting, treating Model 1 Sorting the clean plastic waste (not including contaminations like as metal, garbage) good for solid fuel (RPF (Refuse plastic & paper fuel)) Scenario A : RPF / Landfill (26/74) Scenario B : RPF / Incineration with energy recovery (26/74) Model 2 Sorting the clean PE and PP (not including metal, garbage, paper) good for mechanical recycling Scenario A : Mechanical Recycling / Energy Recovery / Landfill (8/42/50) Scenario B : Mechanical Recycling / Energy Recovery (8/92)

7. PWMI7 Model 1 Sorting, collecting, treating Office building discharges clean plastic waste using yellow bag Yellow bags are put into blue plastic net bag and put into collecting truck with other waste and transported Blue net bags are picked up and yellow bags in it are took out and packed to be a bale and transported to a recycler Collected plastic is melt and blended with paper to turn into RPF Discharge (5 office buildings) Collect 2t truck (4m3) Sort, Pack RPF manufacture

8. PWMI8 Office building location and collecting order Waste collecting business (stating point) Office building 1 Office building 2 Office building 3 Office building 4 Office building 5 Office building (*) Sorting and packing business (goal point) * Discharged plastic waste was collected but not sorted

9. PWMI9 Environmental evaluation of model 1 using LCA Present treating way : RPF / Landfill (2/98) Scenario A : RPF / Landfill (26/74) Compact & wrap RPFTransport Collect & transport Sort Crush Landfil l Transport Heat Ener gy 845M J Plastic for RPF 0.020 ｔ Plastic for landfill 0.980 ｔ Plastic waste 1.000 ｔ Office building RPF 0.02 0t Incine rate Compact & wrap RPF Transport Collect & transport Sort Crush Landfill Transport Plastic for RPF 0.260 ｔ Plastic for landfill 0.740 ｔ Plastic waste 1.000 ｔ Office building Energy recover y 10,986 MJ Incine rate RPF 0.25 7t

10. PWMI10 Scenario B : RPF / Energy recovery (26/74) (ref.) Incineration without energy recovery (ref.) Landfill Compact & transport RPF Trans port Collect & transport Sort Crush Trans port Incineration with energy recovery Plastic waste 1.000 ｔ Office building Plastic for RPF 0.260 ｔ Plastic for energy recovery 0.740 ｔ Energy recover y 10,986 MJ Electricit y 1,504kW h RPF 0.257t Incin erate Crush Plastic waste 1.000 ｔ Incineration without energy recovery Tran sport Collect & transport Office building Plastic 1.000 ｔ Sort Plastic waste 1.000 ｔ Transport Collect & sort Office building Plastics 1.000 ｔ Crush & compact Sort Landfill

11. PWMI11 Designed unitOutput Present unit RPF 2% Landfill 98% RPF combustion energy (845MJ) Coal combustion energy (10,141MJ) Public electric (1,504kwh) Scenario A unit RPF 26% Landfill 74% RPF combustion energy (10,986MJ) Public electric (1,504kwh) Scenario B unit RPF 26% Incineration with electric generation 74% RPF combustion energy (10,986MJ) Electric (1,504kwh) (ref.) Incineration unit Incineration 100%Coal (10,986MJ) Public electric (1,504kwh) (ref.) Landfill unitLandfill 100%Coal (10,986MJ) Public electric (1,504kwh) Model 1 : Units designed by “product basket method” and outputs of them (plastic waste : 1,000kg) : actual output : assumed and added output

12. PWMI12 Present treating unit designed by “product basket method” Present treating unit : RPF / Landfill ( 2 / 98 ) Compact & wrap RPFTransport Collect & transport Sort Crush Landfil l Transport Heat Ener gy 845M J Plastic for RPF 0.020 ｔ Plastic for landfill 0.980 ｔ Plastic waste 1.000 ｔ Office building RPF 0.02 0t Incine rate Coal center MineTransport Refine Public power generate Heat Energy 10,141 MJ Incinerate Fossil resource Mine Fossil resource Transport Electricity 1,504kwh (Actual process) (assumed & added processes) System boundary

13. PWMI13 Solid waste Fossil resource consumption + energy consumption Present unit Scenario A unit Scenario B unit Incineration unit Landfill unit Environmental impacts of scenarios on Model 1

14. PWMI14 Integration of environmental impacts normalization & weighting Normalization 1) Energy and resource consumption were divided by total consumption in Japan. 2) Emission into air and soil were divided by total emission in Japan. Consumption Resource25%-- Energy25%-- Emission into Environment Emission into Air35% CO283% SOx + NOx17% Emission into Soil15%-- Environmental impact analyzing WG in PWMI has designed this weighting index referring to Fraunhofer Institute documents, APME eco-efficiency analysis and BASF documents. Weighting Index Energy consumption24x10 18 MJ/Y Resource consumption15x10 18 MJ/Y CO 2 emission1.3x10 9 T/Y SOx emission857,000 T/Y NOx emission2x10 6 T/Y Solid waste48x10 6 T/Y Consumption & emission in Japan

15. PWMI15 Calculation of Integrated Environmental Impact (a) Resource consumption parameter = (resource consumption / total annual Japanese use)  0.25 (b) Required energy parameter = (required energy / total annual Japanese use)  0.25 (c) Emission parameter into atmosphere = (CO 2 / total annual Japanese emissions  1  0.83 + ((NO x / total annual Japanese emissions  0.7) + (SO x / total annual Japanese emissions  1.0))  0.17)  0.35 (d) Emission parameter into soil = (landfill disposal / total annual Japanese landfill disposal)  0.15 Integrated Environmental Impact = SUM (a, b, c, d) Normalization, weighting and integration were effected by the following approach

16. PWMI16 Present unit Scenario A unit Scenario B unit (ref.) Incineration unit (ref.) Landfill unit Integrated Environmental Impact Model1 : Integrated Environmental Impact

17. PWMI17 ComponentPlastic waste for solid fuelPlastic waste others PE3.311.7 PP15.017.9 PS6.521.2 PVC0.50.1 Plastics (Others)0.76.6 Plastics stuck by Metal-16.4 (Total)26.074.0 Plastic waste for solid fuel * : 26% Plastic waste others : 74% * without contamination like as garbage, metal and so on Model 1 Composition of the Plastic Waste (%)

18. PWMI18 Model 2 Sorting, collecting, treating Discharge (1 office building) Collect 2t truck (4m3) Sort, Pack Mechanical recycling Clean plastics were picked up from the office building plastic waste by members and packed in yellow plastic bag Yellow bags were packed into blue net bags and put into collecting truck Blue net bags are picked up and yellow bags in it are took out and packed to be a bale and transported to a recycler Collected plastics were mechanically recycled to be an article

19. PWMI19 Plastics Others (Packaging of Bentou etc.) 93% Clean Plastics 7% Clean plastic waste for mechanical recycling was packed in yellow transparent plastic bags Plastic waste for mechanical recycling

20. PWMI20 Model 2 : Units designed by “product basket method” and outputs of them Designed unitOutput Present unit Fuel for Cement 25% Incineration with power generation 25% Landfill 50% Article (plastic 70kg) Combustion energy of fuel for cement (10,160MJ) Combustion energy of coal (8,532MJ) Generated power by Incineration (770kWh) Public electricity (448kWh) Scenario A unit Mechanical recycling 7% Fuel for cement 21% Incineration with power generation 21% Landfill 50% Article (reclaimed plastic 70kg) Combustion energy of fuel for cement (8,610MJ) Combustion energy of coal (10,082MJ) Generated power by Incineration (652kWh) Public electricity (566kWh) Scenario B unit Mechanical recycling 7% Fuel for cement 46.4% Incineration with power generation 46.4% Article (reclaimed plastic 70kg) Combustion energy of fuel for cement (18,692MJ) Generated power by incineration (1,218kWh) (ref.) Incineratio n unit Incineration 100% Article (plastic 70kg) Combustion energy of coal (18,692MJ) Public electricity (1,218kWh) (ref.) Landfill unit Landfill 100% Article (plastic 70kg) Combustion energy of coal (18,692MJ) Public electricity (1,218kWh) : actual output : assumed and added output

21. PWMI21 Solid waste Resource consumption + energy consumption Present unit Scenario A unit Scenario B unit Incineration unit Landfill unit Environmental impacts of scenarios on model 2

22. PWMI22 Present unit Scenario A unit Scenario B unit (ref.) Incineration unit (ref.) Landfill unit Integrated Environmental Impact Model 2 : Integrated Environmental Impact

23. PWMI23 ComponentPlastic waste for solid fuelPlastic waste others PE4.516.4 PP2.422.6 PS0.346.6 PVC0.020.6 Plastics (Others)03.9 Plastics stuck by Metal-2.5 (Total)7.392.7 Plastic waste for mechanical recycling * : 7.3% Plastic waste others : 92.7% * PE and PP without contamination like as garbage, metal, paper and so on sorted by project members Model 2 Composition of the Plastic Waste (%)

24. PWMI24 1.To sort clean plastic waste and turn into solid fuel (RPF) and recover the combustion energy is effective to reduce the environmental impact compared with the present treatment in which landfill is the main treatment. 2.To sort clean plastic waste and recycle mechanically is not so effective to reduce the environmental impact because the amount of the clean plastic good for mechanical recycling is very small. 3. To make the other plastic waste other than clean one be incinerated with energy recovery is very effective to reduce the environmental impact compared with present treatment in which landfill is the main treatment. Conclusion