1. Stage 2 Notes

2. mercator Metellam salutat. The merchant greets Metella.
Metella culinam intrat.
Metella enters the kitchen.
- a noun is a word that is a person, place, or a thing, or idea
Examples: puella, toga, Caecilius, canis, Metella

3. in the sentences above there are two different forms of the same noun:
Metella- Metellam
these different forms are known as the nominative case and the accusative case
Nominative = subject
Accusative = direct object, translated after verb

4. The endings a noun uses for the nominative and accusative forms depends on the declension that the noun belongs to.
Declension are categories or families of nouns that share the same endings in their nominative and accusative forms.
You can identify the declension of the noun by the genitive case. CLC unit I does not list the genitive, so we will refer to the accusative.

5. fuga, fugam ira, iram barba, barbam gloria, gloriam
1st Declension Nouns
First Declension nouns end in –am in the accusative singular form of the CLC Unit I dictionary entry.
Examples:
fuga, fugam
ira, iram
barba, barbam
gloria, gloriam
Dictionary Entry: bruma, brumam
Nominative
Form,
Subject
of sentence

6. somnus, somnum vesper, vesperum locus, locum puer, puerum
2nd Declension Nouns
Second Declension nouns end in - um in the second form of the CLC Unit I dictionary entry.
Examples:
somnus, somnum
vesper, vesperum
locus, locum
puer, puerum
Dictionary Entry: oculus, oculum
Nominative
Form,
Subject
of sentence

7. Dictionary Entry: fons, fontem
3rd Declension Nouns
Third Declension nouns end in - em in the second form of the dictionary entry.
Examples:
tempus, temporem
rex, regem
doctor, doctorem
nomen, nominem
mater, matrem
Dictionary Entry: fons, fontem
Nominative
Form,
Subject
of sentence

8. Nom Metella Quintus Caecilius mercator
Acc Metellam Quintum Caecilium mercatorem
if the merchant does something the nominative mercator is used.
Mercator is the subject.
For example: mercator amicum salutat.
The merchant greets the friend.

9. if someone else does something to the merchant the accusative form mercatorem is used in the sentence.
Ask Whom or What after the verb.
Quintus mercatorem salutat.
Quintus greets whom/ what? Answer: mercatorem
mercatorem is the direct object of the sentence.

10. Take notice of the different word order in these sentences:
Clemens culinam intrat.
1st rd nd
Clemens enters the kitchen.
N.B. In a Latin sentence, the verb is last.

11. The cook carries the wine. (carries what? wine = acc)
coquus vinum portat.
1st rd nd
The cook carries the wine. (carries what? wine = acc)
When you are translating always follow this order:
Subject + Verb + Direct Object / Prep Phrase
Nom t Acc in tablino= in the study
m in triclinio= in the dining room

12. Declining 1ST Declension Noun
1st declension. Ex: girl = puella
Case endings are in RED
Singular
Plural
Nominative
puellA
puellAE
Accusative
puellAM
puellAS

13. Declining a 2nd Declension Noun
2nd declension. Ex. : slave= servus
Case endings are in RED
Singular
Plural
Nominative
servUS
servI
Accusative
servUM
servOS

14. Declining a 3rd Declension Noun
* We didn’t study this one closely, so don’t panic!
3rd declension. Example: dog = canis
Case endings are in RED
Singular
Plural
Nominative
canis
canES
Accusative
canEM

15. CONJUGATIONS
A conjugation is a group of verbs that have the same infinitive ending.
There are 4 conjugation infinitives:
1st - āre
2nd - ēre
3rd - ere
4th - īre
All infnitives end in –re. The vowel before the –re tells what conjugation

16. VERBS Verbs have person and number. Number = singular or plural
Verbs agree with the subject
Is there one person or more than one
Person = 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person.
1st = I/we
2nd = you/all of you
3rd = he, she, it/ they

17. Person Indicators Person indicators show WHO is doing the action
Singular
Plural 1
O or M
MUS 2 S
TIS 3 T NT
Person indicators show WHO is doing the action
Person indicators coincide with English subject pronouns
Singular
Plural 1 I we 2
you
all of you 3
he,she, it
they

18. 2nd conjugation
Singular
Plural 1
O or M
MUS 2 S
TIS 3 T NT
To conjugate a verb, take the infinitive and drop the -re
vidēre
videO videMUS
videS videTIS
videT videNT

19. vidēre
videO videMUS
videS videTIS
videT videNT
Present
Present progressive
Emphatic
I see, I am seeing, I do see
You see, you are seeing, you do see
He sees, he is seeing, he does see.
We see, we are seeing, we do see
You all see, you are all seeing, you all do see
They see, they are seeing, they do see

20. 1st conjugation
Singular
Plural 1
O or M
MUS 2 S
TIS 3 T NT
To conjugate a verb, take the infinitive and drop the -re
amāre
amO amaMUS
amaS amaTIS
amaT amaNT
1st person singular – drop the a before the -re

21. amāre
amO amaMUS
amaS amaTIS
amaT amaNT
Present
Present progressive
Emphatic
We like, we are liking, we do like
You all like, you all are liking, you all do like
They like, they are liking, they do like
I like, I am liking, I do like
You like, you are liking, you do like
He, she, it likes, he is liking, he does like