1. Development of Greece
Day 36 – Semester 1

2. Bellwork Make 10 sentences using the 10 most important words.
epic democracy
myth oligarchy
monarchy philosopher
polis phalanx
aristocracy acropolis

3. Athens Built a democracy
Draco – developed legal code all equal under the law
Solon – outlawed debt slavery; only wealthy could hold political office; all citizens could participate in the assembly
Cleisthenes – citizens could submit laws for debate and passage; created Council of Five Hundred that proposed laws and were chosen randomly; limited democracy

4. Athens Education Sons of wealthy families received formal education
Started at seven; taught to be good citizens; studied reading, grammar, poetry, history, mathematics and music; also learned logic and public speaking; later attended military school

5. Sparta
Military state
Had helot , peasants who were forced to stay on the land they worked
Had a Council of Elders, 30 older citizens who proposed laws; Five elected officials carried out laws; Controlled education and prosecuted court cases

6. Sparta Social order Daily life Ruling family Noncitizens who were free
Helots, little better than slaves
Daily life
Discouraged individual expression (no art, literature)
Valued: duty, strength, discipline
Men served in army from 7 until 60
Girls received military training as well
Women had freedom unlike in Athens

7. Classical Greece Challenge of Persia
Darius, the Persian ruler, wanted revenge on Greece for the Ionian revolt that Athenians assisted in
Persians landed at Marathon, Athenians defeated the Persians
Pheidippides ran 26 miles to announce the victory to Athens (marathon)
Xerxes, new Persian monarch, led massive invasion of Greece at the pass of Thermopylae
Held off by 300 Spartans
Spartans defeated eventually
Used a phalanx (army formation)

8. Challenge of Persia (cont)
Athenians abandoned Athens
Persians sack and burn Athens
At Salamis the Greek fleet defeats the Persians
The final defeat of Persians came at Plataea, NW of Athens

9. Growth of Athenian Empire
After Persians defeat Athens took over the Greek world
Delian League: a defensive alliance against the Persians
Liberated all of the Greek states from Persian control
Pericles: dominate figure in Athenian politics between 461 and 429 BC
Expanded empire
Democracy flourished
Height of power and brillance

10. Age of Pericles
Direct democracy: people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings
Every male citizen participated and voted on major issues
Meetings held at the Acropolis
Passed all laws, elected public officials and made final decisions on war and foreign policy
Lower-class males eligible for public office and officeholders were paid

11. Age of Pericles (cont.)
Ostracism: used to protect against overly ambitious politicians; wrote name on broken piece of pottery and if named by 6000 members than that person was banned from city for 10 years
Pericles set about rebuilding after Persian destruction

12. The Great Peloponnesian War
Athenian Empire vs Sparta
Beginning of war: Athens stayed inside city walls and received supplies from colonies and navy; Spartans surrounded Athens
2nd year of war: plague broke out in Athens killed 1/3 of the people including Pericles; fighting continued 25 more years
Athenian fleet was destroyed at Aegospotami on the Hellespont; Athens surrendered
Power struggle between Greek city-states caused them to ignore Macedonia to the north

13. Daily Life in Classical Athens
Adult males had political power
Foreigners received the protection of the laws
100,000 slaves; most people owned at least 1 slave
Athenian Economy
Based on farming and trade (grapes, olive trees)
Imported grain

14. Family and Role of Women in Athens
Family an important institution
Primary function of family was to produce new citizens
Women could take part in religious festivals, but were excluded from all other parts of public life
Women could not own property
Women had to have a male guardian
Women: good wife, bear children; take care of family and house; married at 14 or 15; some learned to read and write and play musical instruments; no formal education

15. Greek Religion Religion necessary to the well being of the state
Religious temples were major buildings
12 chief gods and goddesses housed at Mount Olympus
Rituals were important
Festivals honored gods and goddesses
Used an oracle: a sacred shrine where a god or goddess revealed the future through a priest or priestess

16. Greek Drama
First dramas were tragedies: presented in a trilogy around a common theme (ex. Oresteia by Aeschylus)
Playwright Sophocles wrote Oedipus Rex
Euripides: questioned traditional values
Examined problems of good and evil, rights of individuals, divine forces, nature of humans
Comedy was developed to criticize politicians and intellectuals

17. Greek Philosophy (organized system of thought)
Sophists: the human mind can not understand the universe; individuals should improve themselves; no absolute right or wrong
Socrates: left no writings; education should improve the individual; Socratic method; knowledge is within the person; individuals can reason; questioned authority

18. Greek Philosophy (cont)
Plato: student of Socrates; wrote down a great deal; “How do we know what is real?”; a higher world of unchanging Forms; “The Republic” detail his ideas on government; distrusted democracy; wanted an ideal state
Ideal state: Upper class – philosopher-king
Warriors to protect society
Masses of people driven by desires

19. Greek Philosophy (cont)
Aristotle: studied under Plato; examine individual objects; said three good forms of government – monarchy, aristocracy and constitutional government; favored constitutional government

20. Writing of History
Herodotus: wrote History of the Persian Wars (1st real history)
Thucydides: wrote History of Peloponnesian War; examined cause and course of war

21. Classical Ideals of Greek Art
Expressed eternal ideas
Human being as a beauty
Famous temples and buildings
Idealist not realistic

22. Homework
Honors: Read
Regular: Read

23. Honors: Worksheet 4-3

24. Honors: Worksheet 4-4

25. Regular: Workbook page 18