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Science Fundamentals

2. SCIENTIFIC METHOD = The common steps that scientists use to gather information and answer questions
The knowledge obtained when scientists answer one question often generates other questions or is useful in solving other problems

3. Scientific Methods Step 1: Identify a Problem (Purpose)
* A question or situation that you want to investigate.
“The purpose of this experiment is to…”
Step 2: Gather Information
* Research your problem

4. Step 3: Make a Hypothesis (If….then statement)
* Proposed solution or educated guess.
If I put gas in the car, then the car will start.
If I get a new battery, then the car will start.
A Hypothesis is an explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested
Not a random guess!
If – Then statement
If I __________________, then _______________ happens
If I smile more, then people will be nicer to me.

5. Step 4: Test your Hypothesis (Experiment)
Step 4: Test your Hypothesis (Experiment) *.Design a repeatable experiment. (Variables/Controls) Step 5: Collect & Analyze the Data * Record data from the experiment in data tables & display in a graph. Step 6: Form a Conclusion *State whether the data supports or rejects the hypothesis & why.

6. Parts of an Experiment
Control: a standard that the data/results will be compared to in the experiment. Variables: part of the experiment that is tested; it does change

7. Types of Variables Independent Variable Factor in the experiment
that changes. (Tested)
Constants
Variables that do not
change in the experiment.
Dependent Variable
Factor in the experiment that is observed or measured that happens as a result of the independent variable. (Final Results)

8. Types of Data Quantitative Qualitative Data that is in the form
of numbers, graphs, &
Measurements.
Qualitative
Data that is in the form
of observations.

9. Theory vs. Law
Theory
An explanation or model backed by results obtained from many tests or experiments.
Most logical explanation for events that occur in nature.
Powerful, time-tested concepts that make useful & dependable predictions about the natural world.

10. Famous Theories of Science
Theory of Relativity
Theory of Evolution
Theory of
Plate Tectonics
Big Bang Theory

11. Law Rules that describe the behavior of something in nature.
Theories that are accepted over time by the scientific community.
Laws support facts.
Principles are similar to laws.

12. Universal Gravitation
Famous Laws of Science
Laws of Motion
Law of
Universal Gravitation
Laws of
Planetary Motion

13. Ethics Study of moral values about what is good or bad.
Science can not answer whether or not something is ethical.
Honest science should NOT be biased.

14. The Metric System Measurement & Tools
A global, standard system of measurement
“International System of Units” or SI
Based on decimals (by 10’s)
Used by all scientists

15. Length Distance from one point to another point.
English Units: Inches, Feet, Yards, Miles
Metric Unit: Meters
Instrument: Meter Stick

16. Volume The amount of space that a substance occupies.
English Units: Teaspoons, Tablespoons, Cups, Quarts, Pints, Gallons, etc.
Metric Unit: Liters
Instrument: Graduated Cylinder

17. Lab Instruments Measuring Volumes
Beaker
Florence
Flask
Graduated
Cylinder
* Most Accurate
Erlenmeyer
Flask

18. Ways to Measure Volume Volume = length x width x height
Cubic centimeters (cm3 or cc)
Width
Length

19. Displacement: placing an irregularly shaped
Displacement: placing an irregularly shaped object into a known volume of water & measuring the change in the level of water.
Volume = 10mL – 5mL
= 5mL
5 mL
10 mL

20. Mass The amount of matter in a substance. English Units: Slugs
Metric Unit: Grams (Kilograms)
Instrument: Triple Beam Balance

21. Temperature Measurement of how fast atoms are moving.
English Units: Fahrenheit
Metric Unit: oCelsius (oC) Kelvin (K) K = temperature in oC
Instrument: Thermometer

22. Weight Gravity’s effect on a mass. English Units: Pounds
Metric Unit: Newtons
Instrument: Scale

23. Density Density = Amount of mass in a certain amount of volume. mass
Measured in g/mL
Water’s density is 1 g/mL
Density =
mass
volume

24. Dimensional Analysis
Process of changing one unit into another unit by using conversion factors.
Examples: changing km to cm,
mL to L, or mg to g

25. Metric Prefixes Kilo- Hecto- Deka- Deci- Centi- Milli- k h da d c m
1000
100 10 1
0.1
0.01
0.001
Number Looks Smaller L g
Number Looks Bigger

26. Other Metric Prefixes Terra- Giga- Mega- Micro- Nano- Pico- T G M m n
Trillion
Billion
Million
Millionth
Billionth
Trillionth