1. Important Information FIRE DRILL INFORMATION: Take a left out of door→→go to field

2. MRS. PROVENZOLA IPC LAB SAFETY AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD

3. Important Information Notebook Requirements: –3 Ring Binder with Dividers  Course policy sheet  Lab Safety Rules et  Notes by Unit  Graded Work

4. LAB SAFETY Please also refer to handouts for more detailed information!!

5. Lab Safety Read Laboratory Safety Rules Handout /

9. LAB SAFETY Safety symbols- http://www.chem.queensu.ca/Safety/whmissym.htm http://www.chem.queensu.ca/Safety/whmissym.htm http://www.chem.queensu.ca/Safety/Safety_Symbols.htm http://www.chem.queensu.ca/Safety/TDGA_Symbols.htm Safety contract- MUST BE RETURNED BY FRIDAY! Safety quiz- Friday, 8/27 QUIZ grade—must make an 80% or higher to be able to go to lab.

10. THE NATURE OF SCIENCE Using the Scientific Method

11. WHAT IS SCIENCE? IT IS THE STUDY OF NATURAL PATTERNS.

12. Science Categories LIFE PHYSICAL EARTH

13. EXPLANATIONS CAN CHANGE OVER TIME Investigations include:  Observation  Experimentation  Modeling

14. The Scientific Method A logical, organized way of solving problems that help answer questions Define the Problem Collect Background Information Form a Hypothesis Test the Hypothesis Make and Record Observations/Analyze Data Draw a Conclusion

15. Defining the Problem & Collecting Background Information Identify the problem. Example: What are the effects of acid rain on salamanders? Collect information about the problem. Example: We should know the normal development of salamanders as well as the characteristics of areas that are affected by acid rain.

16. FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS An educated guess that is based on PRIOR KNOWLEDGE or background A proposed answer to the question or problem. A statement that can be tested

17. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS p.1/2 An experiment is a controlled procedure designed to test a hypothesis. In an experiment, one variable, or condition, is changed and the response of another variable is measured.

18. THE EXPERIMENT p.2/2 Independent variable: the condition that is varied (or changed). Dependent variable: the condition that responds to the changes in the I.V. To be a controlled experiment, it must have two identical groups: Experimental group- the group that is exposed to the changes in the I.V.

19. CONTROL GROUP Control group- the group that is NOT exposed to changes to ensure that the results that occur are indeed a result of the independent variable. It is the standard for comparison Ex. A room is kept at 70 O C for the plants. The plants receive the same soil mix amount of water, and the type of pot and size of pots….. on and on...

20. MAKING & RECORDING OBSERVATIONS p. 1/4 Must keep careful records. Must state how the experiment was planned, carried out, materials & equipment used, and how long it took. Must record all observations made.

21. MAKING & RECORDING OBSERVATIONS p.2/4 May include: drawings, tables, graphs, diagrams, written observations, photographs or even sound recordings.

22. OBSERVATIONS VS. INFERENCES p.4/4 Observation: an examination of something in nature. Detected by any of the five senses. Inference: Inference- a judgement based on your observation. It is a personal opinion.

23. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS p.1/2 The answer to a scientific question is formulated by drawing a conclusion based on data (scientific facts collected during the experiment) Statistics help form the conclusion.

24. CONCLUSIONS p.2/2 Before accepting conclusions, scientists retest their hypotheses several times. Later other scientists repeat the experiment until the hypothesis and the conclusion are supported or rejected.

25. Writing a Conclusion Restate the problem Restate the hypothesis Restate the variables Define the trends Accept or reject the hypothesis and why Sources of error

26. THEORY A theory is a set of related hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times, by many scientists. It unites and explains a broad range of observations. When a hypothesis explains why “natural” events occur through observations and investigations over a long period of time, it becomes a theory. Example: Theory of Evolution

27. THEORY At all times, however, theories and principles are subject to revision or replacement by a new theory or principle that provides a better or more complete explanation.

28. Scientific Law When a hypothesis explains how “facts of nature” occurs, it becomes scientific principle or law. Example: Law of Gravity Statement that ALWAYS seems to be true.

29. Standards of Measurement

30. Standard An exact quantity that people agree on. It’s used for comparison

31. Technology Applied science helping people.

32. Measurements Must have a number and a unit! Gram……. Meters……. Liters…….. Seconds….. Joules……..

33. System International of Units (SI) – improvement on the metric system Understood WORLDWIDE! Based on multiples of 10 Prefixes indicate multiples

34. LENGTH -- Measures the distance between 2 points. Meters

35. Volume The amount of space an object occupies. Liters

36. Volume of Solid Obj. #7c. Volume can be measured by: 1) length x width x height = V (regularly shaped solid object) 2) 3.5 x 2 x 4 = 28cm3 4cm 3.52 cm

37. Volume - 2) water displacement method volume of water & object - water alone = V (irregularly shaped solid object) 6.6 ml water ---- --- -- -- ----------- ___. ------- ----------- ___. ------- ------------- ___. ------- -- Water And object --- 8.4 ml 8.4 -6.6 = -------- 1.8 ml object

38. Volume using a graduated cylinder (fluids) Read the bottom of the meniscus -- the curved surface of liquid.

39. Mass The amount of matter. Measured in Grams

40. Density Mass per unit volume. g/L or g/cm3 I’m a derived Unit!

41. Time Interval between 2 events. Measured in seconds

42. Temperature Thermometer SI standard – KELVIN Also in Fahrenheit and Celsius

43. Communicating with Graphs

44. Graphs Visual Display of information or data Music preferences…Is there a difference?

45. Line Grahps dependent variable changes due to change in the independent variable Y-axis = dependent X-axis = independent

46. The relationship between the vapor Pressure of water and its temperature Line graphs show Change over time Makes sense and units of measurements are consistent

47. Bar Graph= compare info collected by counting

48. Circle/Pie Graph Shows how a whole is broken into smaller pieces. What area of the budget gets the least amount of money?