1. vitamins Nutrients that our body does not make on its own. Thus we must obtain them from the foods we eat, or via vitamin supplements. n They are essential for providing good health and are necessary for many life functions.

2. fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins? Fat-soluble are stored in the liver and fatty tissues. These are not readily excreted from the body. Water-soluble vitamins travel in the blood and are stored in limited amounts. These are readily excreted from the body through urine.

3. Vitamin A Function Function Growth Growth Health of eyes and bones Health of eyes and bones Structure and function of the cells of skin, mucous, and membranes Structure and function of the cells of skin, mucous, and membranes deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Night blindness Night blindness Infection Infection Change the skin and membranes Change the skin and membranes

5. Measles disease from Vitamin A deficiency

6. Vitamin D Vitamin D Function Function Growth Growth Regulate Calcium and phosphorus metabolism Regulate Calcium and phosphorus metabolism Building and maintain bones and teeth Building and maintain bones and teeth deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Rickets Rickets osteomalacia osteomalacia Osteoprosis Osteoprosis

11. Osteoporosis

14. Vitamin E Function Function antioxidant antioxidant Cell protection Cell protection deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Change in red blood cells Change in red blood cells

16. vitamin E deficiency side effects

18. Vitamin K Function Function blood clotting blood clotting deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Abnormal blood coagulation Abnormal blood coagulation

21. Thiamin V. B 1 / Riboflavin V. B 2 V. B1 V. B1 Function Function  Carbohydrate metabolism deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms  Beriberi V. B2 V. B2 Function Function  Carbohydrate, Fat, and protein metabolism  Health of the mouth tissue and eyes deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms  Cheilosis mouth corner inflammation  Eye sensitivity

22. Thiamine Deficiency

23. Beriberi

24. Beriberi

25. Vitamin Niacin B3 Function Function CHO, Fat, and Protein metabolism CHO, Fat, and Protein metabolism deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Skin eruptions Skin eruptions Diarrhea Diarrhea Nervous disorder Nervous disorder Anorexia Anorexia Pellagra Pellagra

27. Pellagra caused by dietary lack of niacin B3

28. Vitamin B 6 Function Function Protein metabolism Protein metabolism deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Anemia Anemia Dermatitis Dermatitis Confusion Confusion Depression Depression convulsions convulsions Nausea Nausea

29. Vitamin B 12 Vitamin B 12 Function Vitamin B 12 Function Metabolism Metabolism prevent pernicious anemia prevent pernicious anemia Vitamin B 12 deficiency Symptoms Vitamin B 12 deficiency Symptoms Megaloblastic Anemia Megaloblastic Anemia Sore mouth & tongue Sore mouth & tongue Folic acid Folic acid Folic acid Function Folic acid Function Metabolism Metabolism Formation of hemoglobin Formation of hemoglobin Folic acid deficiency Symptoms Folic acid deficiency Symptoms Anemia Anemia Diarrhea Diarrhea neural tube defects neural tube defects

34. B12

35. Pantothenic acid Function Function CHO, Fat, and Protein metabolism CHO, Fat, and Protein metabolism deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Vomiting Vomiting Abdominal cramps Abdominal cramps Insomnia (sleeplessness) Insomnia (sleeplessness) Nervous disorder Nervous disorder Burning sensation of the feet Burning sensation of the feet

36. Biotin Function Function Metabolism Metabolism deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Nausea Nausea Anorexia Anorexia Dermatitis Dermatitis anemia anemia

38. Vitamin C Function Function Maintaining Collagen (most abundant protein in mammals, making up to 25-35% of whole body pro content) Maintaining Collagen (most abundant protein in mammals, making up to 25-35% of whole body pro content) Healthy gums Healthy gums Aids in wound healing Aids in wound healing Aids in absorption of iron Aids in absorption of iron deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Sour gum Sour gum Tendency to bruise easily Tendency to bruise easily Scurvy Scurvy

40. Minerals Are an organic substances in all body tissues and fluids. Are an organic substances in all body tissues and fluids. Do not yield energy and stable in water Do not yield energy and stable in water Classified to Classified to –Macromineral: are those that occur in largest amounts in foods and in the body (Ex.Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Magnesium, and Sulfur) –Micromineral: are those that occur in very small amounts in foods and in the body (Ex. Iron, Iodine, Zinc, Selenium, Fluoride, Cooper, and Manganese)

41. General functions Bone and tooth formation Bone and tooth formation Constituents of soft tissues, vitamins, enzymes, and hormones Constituents of soft tissues, vitamins, enzymes, and hormones Nervous response and muscle contraction Nervous response and muscle contraction Water and acid-base balance Water and acid-base balance

42. Factors that affect the absorption of minerals Body need Body need The chemical form of the mineral The chemical form of the mineral Stomach acidity Stomach acidity Lactose improve Ca absorption Lactose improve Ca absorption Ascorbic acid enhance the absorption of Ca, Fe, Zn. Ascorbic acid enhance the absorption of Ca, Fe, Zn. Some drugs and excess fiber bind minerals Some drugs and excess fiber bind minerals Laxatives and diarrhea decrease absorption Laxatives and diarrhea decrease absorption Excess of some minerals decrease the absorption of other minerals Excess of some minerals decrease the absorption of other minerals Damage to the intestinal mucosa interfere with the absorption of minerals Damage to the intestinal mucosa interfere with the absorption of minerals

43. Calcium Function Function Development & maintenance of bones and teeth Development & maintenance of bones and teeth Clotting of the blood Clotting of the blood Nerve irritability Nerve irritability Heart action Heart action Muscle activity Muscle activity Activates enzymes Activates enzymes deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Retarded growth Retarded growth Poor tooth and bone formation Poor tooth and bone formation Rickets > Osteoporosis Rickets > Osteoporosis Slow clotting time of blood Slow clotting time of blood

44. Phosphorus Function Function Development & maintenance of bones and teeth Development & maintenance of bones and teeth Maintenance of normal acid-base balance of the blood Maintenance of normal acid-base balance of the blood Constituent of all body cells Constituent of all body cells Metabolism of CHO, Ptn, and Fat Metabolism of CHO, Ptn, and Fat deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Poor tooth and bone formation Poor tooth and bone formation Rickets Rickets weakness weakness Anorexia Anorexia Pain in bones Pain in bones General malaise (discomfort) General malaise (discomfort)

45. Magnesium Function Function Constituent of bones, muscles, and red blood cells Constituent of bones, muscles, and red blood cells Necessary for healthy muscles and nerves metabolism Necessary for healthy muscles and nerves metabolism Metabolism Metabolism deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Unusual heart action Unusual heart action mental, emotional, and muscle disorder. mental, emotional, and muscle disorder.

46. Sodium Function Function Fluid balance Fluid balance Acid-base balance Acid-base balance Osmosis Osmosis regulate muscle and nerve irritability regulate muscle and nerve irritability Glucose absorption Glucose absorption deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Nausea Nausea Exhaustion Exhaustion Muscle cramps Muscle cramps

47. Potassium Function Function Osmosis Osmosis Fluid balance Fluid balance Regulate heart rhythm Regulate heart rhythm Cells metabolism Cells metabolism deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Muscle weakness Muscle weakness Apathy (lack of feeling and emotion) Apathy (lack of feeling and emotion) Abnormal heartbeat Abnormal heartbeat

48. Cholride Function Function Osmosis Osmosis Fluid balance Fluid balance Acid-base balance Acid-base balance Formation of hydrochloric acid Formation of hydrochloric acid deficiency Symptoms deficiency Symptoms Nausea Nausea Exhaustion Exhaustion

49. Sulfur/ Copper Sulfur Function Sulfur Function Building hair, nails, and all body tissues Building hair, nails, and all body tissues Constituent of all body cells Constituent of all body cells Metabolism Metabolism Sulfur deficiency Symptoms Unknown Sulfur deficiency Symptoms Unknown Copper Function Copper Function Essential for formation of hemoglobin and red blood cells Essential for formation of hemoglobin and red blood cells component of enzymes component of enzymes Copper deficiency Symptoms Copper deficiency Symptoms Anemia Anemia Bone disease Bone disease

50. Iron/Iodine Iron Function Iron Function Essential for formation of hemoglobin and red blood cells and provision of oxygen to cells Essential for formation of hemoglobin and red blood cells and provision of oxygen to cells constituent of cellular enzymes constituent of cellular enzymes Iron deficiency Symptoms Iron deficiency Symptoms anemia anemia Iodine Function Iodine Function Formation of hormones in thyroid gland Formation of hormones in thyroid gland Iodine deficiency Symptoms Iodine deficiency Symptoms Goiter Goiter Myxedema Myxedema Cretinism Cretinism

53. Manganese/ Zinc Manganese Function Manganese Function Component of enzymes Component of enzymes Glucose utilization Glucose utilization Manganese deficiency Symptoms Unknown Manganese deficiency Symptoms Unknown Zinc Function Zinc Function Component of insulin and enzymes Component of insulin and enzymes Wound healing > Taste acuity > essential for growth Wound healing > Taste acuity > essential for growth Zinc deficiency Symptoms Unknown Zinc deficiency Symptoms Unknown Dwarfism, hypogonadism, anemia, Loss of appetite, Skin charges Dwarfism, hypogonadism, anemia, Loss of appetite, Skin charges impaired wound healing impaired wound healing Decreased taste acuity Decreased taste acuity

54. Fluorine/ Cobalt Fluorine Function Fluorine Function Increase resistance to tooth decay Increase resistance to tooth decay Fluorine deficiency Symptoms Fluorine deficiency Symptoms Tooth decay, Possible osteoporosis Tooth decay, Possible osteoporosis Cobalt Function Cobalt Function A component of vitamin B 12 necessary for formation of the red blood cells A component of vitamin B 12 necessary for formation of the red blood cells Cobalt deficiency Symptoms Cobalt deficiency Symptoms Unkown Unkown

58. Who need Supplements 1-People with nutrient deficiencies. 2-people with low food energy intakes (< 1200 kcal/day). 3-people who eat all-plants (vegans) and those with atrophic gastritis need V.B12. 4- Women who bleed excessively during menstruation need iron. 5-People with lactose intolerance, or who otherwise do not consume enough dairy products to forestall extensive bone loss, need calcium. 6-People in certain stages of the life cycle who have increased nutrient needs (for example, infants need iron and fluoride, women of childbearing age need folate, pregnant women need iron, and the elderly need vitamins B12 and D. 7-People with limited milk intake & sun exposure need vitamin D. 8- People who have disease, infections, or injuries or who have undergone surgery that interferes with the intake, absorption, metabolism, or excretion of nutrients. 9- People taking medications that interfere with body`s use of specific nutrients.