1. Chapters 6 & 7: Memory, Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

2. Part 1: Memory

3. Memory Process by which we recollect prior experiences and information and skills learned in the past Process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

4. Explicit Memories Clear, includes specific information Episodic – Memory of a specific event – Flashbulb memories Semantic – General knowledge

5. Implicit Memory Implied, automatic, not clearly stated Skills or procedures you may have learned Use priming – activation of specific associations in the memory – often as a result of repetition

6. Encoding Translation of information into a form in which it can be stored – Visual – Acoustic – Semantic

7. THUNSTOFAM If you used a visual code to remember – you would have mentally represented it as a picture (mental image) If you used an acoustic code, you may have read the list of letters to yourself in sequence If you saw the letters as a three-syllable word “thun-sto-fam” you were using both acoustic and semantic codes If the letters served as an acronym like The United States OF America this gives the letters meaning, which is a semantic code

8. Storage Maintaining information over time A variety of processes used to store information – Maintenance Rehearsal – Elaborative Rehearsal – Organizational Systems

9. Retrieval Locate storage information and return it to conscious thought – Context-Dependent Memory – State-Dependent Memory – Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

10. Three Stages of Memory 1.Sensory Memory - Immediate, initial recording of information a. Iconic Memory b.Eidetic Imagery c.Echoic Memory 2.Short Term Memory – working memory a)Primary and Recency Effect – recall first and last items on a list b)Chunking – organize information into manageable units c)Interference – only so much information can be retained; new stuff replaces what was there 3. Long Term Memory – permanent storage

11. Basic Memory Tasks Recognition – identifying objects that’s been seen before (multiple choice tests) Recall – bring back into mind – forget half of information after first hour, then it slows Relearning – with some study and effort we can usually relearn things quickly

12. Types of Forgetting… Decay – fading away of a memory Repression Amnesia – severe memory loss due to brain injury, shock, fatigue, illness, repression

13. Amnesia Dissociative – psychological trauma Infantile – Can’t recall events before age of three Anterograde – Can’t form forming new memories Retrograde – forget period of time leading up to event

14. Improving Memory Drill and practice Relate to things you already know Form unusual associations Construct links Use mnemonic devices

15. Part 2: Thinking and Language

16. Thinking Paying attention to information, representing it mentally, reasoning about it, and making judgments and decisions about it.

17. Problem Solving Heuristics – Rules of thumb to find a solution – Analogies – partial similarity among things that are different in other ways Algorithms – Specific procedure that will always lead to the solution of a problem (formulas)

18. Convert the temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius?

19. Problem-Solving Methods 1.Trial & Error 2.Difference Reduction 3.Means-End Analysis 4.Working Backward 5.Analogies

20. Incubation Effect Answer just comes to us without working on it Not consciously thinking about it

21. Reasoning – Use of information to reach conclusions Inductive Reasoning – individual cases / facts help to reach conclusion – Premises could be correct while conclusion is wrong Deductive Reasoning – conclusion is true if premises are true

22. Inductive Reasoning 1.All the tigers observed in a particular region have yellow black stripes, therefore all the tigers native to this region have yellow stripes. 2.Every time I go to Chick-Fil-A I get food poisoning. Therefore, if I go to Chick-Fil-A today, I will get food-poisoning

23. Deductive Reasoning 1.South Korea is in Asia 2.The city of Seoul is in South Korea 3.Therefore, Seoul is in Asia (conclusion)

24. Language Communication of thoughts and feelings through symbols that are arranged according to rules of grammar.

25. Stages of Language Development 1.Cry / Coo / Babble (pre- linguistic) 2.Words – usually around 1 year 3.By 18 mts – 24(ish words) 4.2 Year Explosion

26. Part 4: Intelligence

27. Intelligence Underlying ability to understand the world and cope with its challenges

28. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence Verbal / Linguistic Logical / Mathematical Visual / Spatial Bodily / Kinesthetic Musical / Rhythmic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist Existential

29. Stanford – Binet Scale Measurement of intelligence Score yields a mental age (intellectual level at which a person is functioning) IQ = relationship between mental age & actual age Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100 = IQ Only measures verbal ability

30. Wechsler Scales Measurement of Intelligence Verbal & nonverbal Avg. score = 100 Answers compared to others the same age 50% scores 90-110 2% above 130 2% below 70

31. Mental Retardation IQ of 70 or below But more than just an IQ score – Borderline (IQ 70-85) – Mild (IQ 50-70) – Moderate (IQ 35-49) – Severe (IQ 20-34) – Profound (IQ below 20) Causes – Accidents – Difficulties in child birth – Pregnant woman that abuses alcohol, drugs or malnourished – Genetic disorders

32. Giftedness IQ above 130 Creativity and motivation, outstanding abilities (music, language arts, math, science) Identify early Can be highly creative and not be gifted

33. What influences Intelligence? Heredity & Environment What can parents do to improve environment? – Be emotionally / verbally responsive – Involved in kids activities – Preschool – Well-organized and safe home environment – Independent kids

34. Adults & Intelligence Drop off in intelligence among older adults – Usually in response time, not vocabulary How to maintain health – Income level – Education level – Stimulating jobs – Intact family life – Attend cultural events, read, travel – Marriage to spouse w/ high intellectual ability – Flexible personality