1. Classification of organisms
Kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protist and Fungi

2. Taxonomy
  A systematic method of classifying plants and animals.
Classification of organisms based on degrees of similarity representing evolutionary (phylogenetic) relatedness.

3. Scientific Names Binomial nomenclature (Linnaeus)
A 2 name system so that not two organisms will ever have the same name.
The genus name is combined with a second name to make the species name unique.
For example: humans
Genus Homo
Species Homo sapiens

4. Human classification Kingdom Animalia
Phylum (Division for plants) Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species Homo sapiens

5. Levels of classification
King Philip chews on funny ginger snaps
CLASS
KINGDOM
ORDER
PHYLUM
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
SMALLEST
LARGEST

6. Each level has more and more similarities!
Kingdom
Phylum (Division for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

7. 6 Kingdoms heterotroph autotroph heterotroph autotroph heterotroph

8. Viruses

9. Viruses
Viruses are NOT one of the 6 kingdoms and are not considered “alive” because they are not made up of cells, do not metabolize, can only reproduce inside another living cell and do not grow.
They are studied because they infect living cells and cause disease.
Things that cause disease are known as pathogens!

10. Viruses: a Group of Intracellular Parasites
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious particle composed of a protein coat and a nucleic acid core.
Viruses, like cells, carry genetic information encoded in their nucleic acid, and can undergo mutations and reproduce; however, they cannot carry out metabolism, and thus are not considered alive.
Viruses are classified by the type of nucleic acid they contain, and the shape of their protein capsule.

12. adenovirus
The Adenovirus is a DNA virus that causes colds and "pink eye".
                                                                                                               

13. The Papillomavirus is a DNA virus that causes warts.

14. The Influenza virus causes the flu
The Influenza virus causes the flu. It has RNA as its genetic material instead of DNA.

15. Bacteriophages invade the host cell, take over the cell, and begin replicating viruses, eventually lysing or bursting the host cell, releasing the new viruses to infect additional cells.

16. Lysogenic cycle

17. Lytic Cycle

18. Retroviruses
Retroviruses have RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase instead of DNA as their nucleic acid core.
Once inside the host cell, reverse transcription (making DNA from RNA) is accomplished by the reverse transcriptase, turning the single-stranded RNA into DNA. This new DNA is incorporated into the host DNA, where it transcribes new viral RNA genomes, as well as the RNA to synthesize new reverse transcriptase and protein capsules.

19. Viruses are usually quite specific as to their hosts and even to the types of cells they infect in a multicellular host.
Viruses can NOT be treated with antibiotics because antibiotics are designed to attack the cell wall or membrane and viruses do not have these!

20. Viroids and Prions
Viruses would appear to be the simplest form of infectious particle.
The discovery of viroids, nucleic acid without a protein capsule and prions, infectious proteins, subtracts another level of complexity.
Both viroids and prions can cause diseases.

21. How a virus invades your body!

22. Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

23. Autotroph/ heterotroph
Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autotroph/ heterotroph

24. Archaebacteria
The most primitive group, the archaebacteria, are today restricted to marginal habitats such as hot springs or areas of low oxygen concentration.
Three types of Archaebacteria: methanogens, halophiles, and thermacidophiles.
They live in extreme habitats like very salty water!
prokaryotes

25. Eubacteria prokaryotes unicellular autotroph/heterotroph

26. Organisms in this group lack membrane-bound organelles associated with higher forms of life. Such organisms are known as prokaryotes.
Their small size, ability to rapidly reproduce (E. coli can reproduce by binary fission every 15 minutes), and diverse habitats/modes of existence make bacteria the most abundant and diversified kingdom on Earth.

27. Bacteria occur in almost every environment on Earth, from the bottom of the ocean floor, deep inside solid rock, to the cooling jackets of nuclear reactors.

28. Rod-Shaped ( Bacillus) Bacterium, hemorrhagic E. coli, strain 0157:H7

29. Scanning electron micrographs illustrating external features of the rod-shaped bacterium E. coli.

30. Coccus round-shaped Bacterium (causes skin infections), Enterococcus faecium

31. Spiral shape bacteria (spirochete)

32. Left, a cross-section of a cell illustrating the location of a flagella inside the cell; Center, Borrelia burgdorferi, the organism that causes Lyme disease; and Right, Treponema pallidum, the spirochete that causes the venereal disease syphilis. The image above is from

34. binary fission

36. Endospores
are a method of survival, not one of reproduction. Certain bacteria will form a spore within their cell membrane (an endospore) that allows them to wait out deteriorating environmental conditions.
Certain disease causing bacteria (such as the one that causes the disease Anthrax) can be virulent (capable of causing an infection) 1300 years after forming their endospores

37. All other Kingdoms are made up of Eukaryotic cells

38. Evolution of Eukaryotes
The transition to eukaryotic cells appears to have occurred during the Proterozoic Era, about 1.2 billion years ago. However, recent genetic studies suggest eukaryotes diverged from prokaryotes closer to 2 billion years ago. Fossils do not yet agree with this date.

39. PROTISTS eukaryotic unicellular/ some multi heterotrophic and autotrophic

40. Classification of Protists
The protists include heterotrophs, autotrophs, and some organisms that can vary their nutritional mode depending on environmental conditions.
Protists occur in freshwater, saltwater, soil, and as symbionts within other organisms.
Due to this tremendous diversity, classification of the Protista is difficult.

41. Protozoa: Single-Celled, Motile Organisms
This group of protists are single-celled, motile, heterotrophs.
Most digest their food by vacuoles formed by phagocytosing other organisms (bacteria or other single-celled creatures).
Reproduction varies greatly, from a binary fission-like process to true meiosis.
The main distinguishing feature is the method of locomotion: flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia.

42. Amoeboid Protozoa Use Pseudopods for Movement
Amoeba and Pelomyxa move by extensions of their cytoplasm known as pseudopodia.

43. Foraminifera
live in the oceans and secrete a shell (also known as a test) composed of silica or calcium carbonate.
Thus, the fossil record of forams is quite good. Oxygen isotope data from forams has been used to calculate ocean temperature fluctuations over the past 100,000 years.

44. Sporozoans Members of this group cause malaria and toxoplasmosis.
Toxoplasmosis is transmitted from cats to humans, with between 7 and 72% of the population infected, depending on the geographic area.

45. Malaria
infects an estimated 300 million people, and is spread by mosquitoes, transfusions, and shared hypodermic needles.
Infected individuals can be treated with a variety of medicines. However, some of the sporazoans that cause malaria have developed immunity to some of the more commonly employed medicines.

47. Ciliates
Ciliates are complex, heterotrophic protozoans that lack cell walls and use multiple small cilia for locomotion.
To increase strength of the cell boundary, ciliates have a pellicle, a sort of tougher membrane that still allows them to change shape.
Most of the 8000 species are freshwater. Most ciliates have two nuclei: a macronucleus that contains hundreds of copies of the genome and controls metabolisms, and a single small micronucleus that contains a single copy of the genome and functions in sexual reproduction.

48. Paramecium is a common ciliate

49. Paramecium
Showing
cillia

51. Red tides
are caused by population explosions of certain dinoflagellates that release a neurotoxin into the environment.
Shellfish concentrate this toxin and it can kill people who eat the contaminated shellfish.

52. Rhodophyta, the Red Algae
. Carrageenan is an additive to puddings and ice creams; dried sheets of red algae are used in some Japanese dishes.

53. Phaeophyta, the Brown Algae

54. Chlorophyta, the Green Algae

55. Slime Molds
Slime molds are often classified as fungi

56. Euglena

57. FUNGI eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic chitin in cell walls

58. Fungi
Fungi are almost entirely multicellular (with yeast, Saccharomyces cerviseae, being a prominent unicellular fungus), Bread yeast
heterotrophic (deriving their energy from another organism, whether alive or dead), and usually having some cells with two nuclei (multinucleate, as opposed to the more common one, or uninucleate) per cell.

59. Ecologically this kingdom is important (along with certain bacteria) as decomposers and recyclers of nutrients.
Economically, the Fungi provide us with food (mushrooms; Bleu cheese/Roquefort cheese; baking and brewing), antibiotics (the first of the wonder drugs, penicillin, was isolated from the fungus Penicillium), and crop parasites (doing several million dollars per year of damage).

61. Beer and wine are produced through the action of fungi known as yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerviseae.
Many antibiotics are produced by fungi.

62. Fungi are important both as a source of food and in the preparation of food. Edible fungi include mushrooms, truffles, and morels. Cheeses such as Gorgonzola, Roquefort, Stilton, and bleu have fungal colonies that give theses cheeses their distinctive flavors.

63. Classification of Fungi
Over 60,000 species of fungi are known. Fungi are classified by their method of reproduction (both sexual and asexual).
Historically they have been divided into four taxonomic divisions: Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota.

64. Genus: Candida Disease(s): Candidiasis Image Legend: Skin scraping from superficial candidiasis showing clusters of budding yeast cells and branching pseudohyphae.

65. Club fungi are important as commercial crops
Club fungi are important as commercial crops. They also cause many diseases that result in loss or reduction of grain yields.
Agaricus campestris is the common mushroom found in grocery stores;
Lentinus edodes is the less commonly bought shitake mushroom: more than $14 billion per year of these products are sold.

66. Amanita phalloides is the most poisonous of all mushrooms
Amanita phalloides is the most poisonous of all mushrooms. Other mushrooms have hallucinogenic properties (such as the drug psilocybin) important in native religious rituals in Central and South America.

67. Athlete's foot

68. Genus: Epidermophyton Species: floccosum Disease(s): Athlete's foot Title: Tinea pedis Image Legend: The disease is unusual because the nails are also involved.

69. Genus: Trichophyton Species: verrucosum Disease(s): Dermatophytosis, Tinea barbae Title: Dermatophytosis of the beard area Image Legend: Severe tinea barbae caused when the patient rubbed against cattle.

70. Genus: Epidermophyton Species: floccosum Disease(s): Jock itch Image Type: Clinical Presentation Title: Jock itch Image Legend: The disease involves both sides of the legs and groin.

71. Genus: Microsporum Species: gypseum Disease(s): Ringworm Image Type: Microscopic Morphology Title: Macro- and microconidia Image Legend: Macro- and microconidia. Lactophenol cotton blue, phase contrast microscopy, 630X.

72. Genus: Microsporum Species: canis Disease: Tinea Title: Ringworm lesions Image Legend: Ringworm lesions developed after an exposure to a cat having ringworm.

73. Genus: Saccharomyces Species: cerevisiae Disease (s): Disseminated infection Vulvovaginitis Image Type: Microscopic Morphology Title: Acid fast stain Image Legend: Asci, containing broadly elliptical ascospores Color enhanced.

74. Bread mold

75. Review sheet 1. What is taxonomy?
It is a systematic method of classifying plants and animals.
2. What is binomial nomenclature?
It is a 2 name system so that no two organisms will ever have the same name.
3. Who is the person who came up with the 2 name system?
(Linnaeus)

76. 4. What are the levels of classification from least to most specific?
Kingdom , Phylum (Division for plants) , Class, Order , Family , Genus , Species
5. Name the 6 kingdoms
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, protist, fungi, plant, animal

77. 6. Are viruses alive? Why or why not?
Viruses are NOT one of the 6 kingdoms and are not considered “alive” because they are not made up of cells, do not metabolize, can only reproduce inside another living cell and do not grow.
7. What is a virus?
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious particle composed of a protein coat and a nucleic acid core.
8. Can viruses be treated with antibiotics?
Viruses can NOT be treated with antibiotics because antibiotics are designed to attack the cell wall or membrane and viruses do not have these!

78. 9. What are the characteristics of the kingdom Archaebacteria?
Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Autotroph/ heterotroph
10. What are examples of A bacteria? Where do you often find them?
Three types of Archaebacteria: methanogens, halophiles, and thermacidophiles.
They live in extreme habitats like very salty water!
11. Describe Eubacteria
Prokaryotes, unicellular, autotroph/heterotroph

79. 12. What are the three main shapes of bacteria?
Round, cocci, Rod, bacilli, Spiral, spirilli
13. What is binary fission? Cell division
Why do bacteria use this? Bacteria can reproduce by binary fission
14. Describe the Protist kingdom.
Eukaryotic, unicellular/ some multi, heterotrophic and autotrophic

80. 15. List some examples of protists
Euglena, amoeba, red algae
16. Describe the FUNGI kingdom eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls
17. List some examples of fungi.
Mold, athletes foot, mushrooms