1. The Holy Roman Empire 11 th c. imperial crown

2. Europe in 1500

3. Europe in 1600

4. The “patchwork carpet” of Holy Roman Empire, 1648

5. Europe in 1714

6. What is the Holy Roman Empire? political entity that covered a large portion of Europe centered on Germany A.D. 800-1806

7. History of the Holy Roman Empire 476 – fall of the Roman Empire to Germanic tribes

8. History of the Holy Roman Empire 800 – Charlemagne crowned “emperor” by Pope Leo III – Charlemagne = king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe – Carolingians believe the title of Roman emperor in the west had been suspended, not ended, with Rome’s fall in 476 – est. church backing for HRE & Carolingians

10. History of the Holy Roman Empire 1152-1190 – reign of Frederick I, aka Barbarossa, who adds “Holy” to title of “Roman Emperor” 1254 – origin of the term “Holy Roman Empire” mid-15 th c. – Habsburgs gain the imperial throne, which remains hereditary 1512 – name changes to “Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation”

11. History of the Holy Roman Empire 1806 – Francis II gives up imperial title – Francis II = Habsburg ruler of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia – after losses to Napoleon, who dictates HRE’s dissolution

12. 1815 – German Confederation replaces the HRE German Confederation = 39 states

13. How was the Holy Roman Emperor selected? First voted king of the Romans. From the 14 th c. forward, the voters were the main dukes and bishops of the German kingdom, called electors. There were 7 and then 8 electors. Second the new king went to Rome to be crowned Emperor by the pope. Later emperors gave up this practice; Charles V was the last emperor to receive papal coronation in 1530.

14. What powers did the Holy Roman Emperor have? Very little … from the later Middle Ages forward his power was mostly symbolic. Most real legal and administrative power was held in the territorial and municipal levels. Peace of Westphalia (1648) gave almost complete sovereignty to the ≈300 states of the HRE. Henceforward the HRE primarily existed in name only. Habsburg emperors focused on consolidating their own states in Austria, etc.

15. Voltaire’s Famous Quote (1756) “This agglomeration which was called and still calls itself the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire in any way.”