1. Indus Valley Cities in the Indus Valley (place on map pg 27) were built with fortified areas called CITADELS Evidence exists that there was movement of goods and ideas between MESOPOTAMIA (place on map pg 27) and both EGYPT (place on map pg 27) and the INDUS VALLEY

2. Geography of the Indus See Picture on page 45 The world’s tallest mountains (Himalayas add to map) to the north and a large desert (Thar add to map) to the east help protect the Indus from invasion The Indus and Ganges River (add to map page 45) guard the flat fertile plain Monsoons – Seasonal Winds dominate India’s Climate

3. Culture of the Indus Valley Harappan – Culture in Indus Valley based on agriculture Language – written language which ahs been impossible to decipher Culture – uniformity, social divisions (seen in housing), clay and wood toys, limited weapons Religion – theocracy (government based on religious authority) Trade – thriving trade between Afghanistan, and Persia

4. Ancient Egypt The Role of the King was one striking difference between Egypt and Mesopotamia Mesopotamia – Kings representative of Gods Egypt – Kings were Gods Pharaohs – Egyptian God Kings Pyramids – Built to house the Pharaohs because their spirits were believed to rule even after death

5. Egyptian Writing Hieroglyphics – system of writing meaning sacred carving. Pictures stood for an idea in its earliest form Papyrus – better writing surface made from reeds which grew in the marshy delta Picture on page 40