1. The Endocrine System

2. Major Endocrine Organs pineal gland hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid glands thymus gland adrenal glands pancreas ovaries testes

3. pineal gland hypothalamus pituitary gland Endocrine Organs of the Brain

4. Secreted directly in CSF to blood High levels at night make us sleepy; low level during day Pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light Function in regulating circadian rhythms (sleep, body temp, appetite)  biological clock Pineal Gland Produces melatonin (synthesized from seratonin, a derivative of tryptophan)

5. The Pituitary Gland

6. Posterior Pituitary

7. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Oxytocin

8. (+ feedback) loop oxytocin

9. Anterior Pituitary

10. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Gonadotropins (FSH, LH) Prolactin (PRL) Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH)

11. Growth Hormone (GH) Stimulates protein building Stimulates cell growth (cell size and number), especially in muscle and bone. Also stimulates fat breakdown.

12. GH Levels awake sleep strenuous exercise

13. hyposecretion of GH Dwarfism Kenadie - worlds smallest girl due to primordial dwarfism Little People Big World

14. hypersecretion of GH Gigantism Bao Xishun, a 7ft 8.95in herdsman from Inner Mongolia

15. Acromegaly hypersecretion of GH 7 ft 1 ¼ inches

16. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Acts on the thyroid gland, stimulating it to release T3 & T4 These thyroid hormones increase glucose catabolism and body heat production. Regulated via negative feedback

17. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Acts on the adrenal cortex, stimulating it to secrete glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol). Helps make glucose from amino acids and fatty acids Regulated via negative feedback

18. The Thyroid Gland thyroid trachea larynx

19. Thyroid Hormones Thyroxine (T 4 ) Triiodothyronine (T 3 ) Both control metabolic rate and cellular oxidation Calcitonin - lowers blood Ca ++ levels and causes Ca ++ reabsorption in bone Thyroid gland selectively uptakes iodine to produce T 3 & T 4

20. Goiter Lack of iodine in diet hyposecretion of T3 & T4

21. Cretinism

22. Myxedema Myxedema hyposecretion of T3 & T4 myxedema After thyroid treatment

23. Exophthalmos- Exophthalmos- hyperthyroidism

24. Parathyroid Glands

25. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) PTH release: 1)stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone Hyperparathyroidism- too much Ca ++ drawn out of bone; could be due to tumor Hypoparathyroidism- most often follow parathyroid gland trauma or after removal of thyroid--- tetany, muscle twitches, convulsions; if untreated  respiratory paralysis and death

26. The Pancreas

27. Pancreas: Regulates glucose uptake by cells Controlled via negative feedback: insulin & glucagon Blood sugar level: 90 mg/mL

29. Adrenal Glands

31. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla Adrenalin (epinephrine): converts glycogen to glucose in liver Noradrenalin (norepinephrine): increases blood pressure (sympathetic nervous system) Corticosteroids:  glucose levels)

32. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids- cortisol 1.Decrease protein synthesis 2.Increase release and use of fatty acids 3.Stimulates the liver to produce glucose from non carb’s Mineralcorticoids- aldosterone 1.Stimulates cells in kidney to reabsorb Na+ from filtrate 2.Increases water reabsorption in kidneys 3.Increases blood pressure Sex Steroids- small amts (androgens) 1.Onset of puberty 2.Sex drive

33. Cushing’s Syndrome Hypersecretion of cortisone; may be caused by an ACTH releasing tumor in pituitary Symptoms: trunkal obesity and moon face, emotional instability Treatment: removal of adrenal gland and hormone replacement

34. Addison’s Disease Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids; Symptoms- wt loss, fatigue, dizziness, changes in mood and personality, low levels of plasma glucose and Na+ levels, high levels of K+ Treatment- corticosteroid replacement therapy

35. Located anterior to the heart Produces- thymopoetin and thymosin  helps direct maturation and specialization of T-lymphocytes (immunity) Thymus

36. Ovaries- produce estrogen and progesterone  responsible for maturation of the reproductive organs and 2ndary sex characteristics in girls at puberty Gonads

37. Female Reproductive System

38. Testes- produce sperm and testosterone (initiates maturation of male repro organs and 2ndary sex characteristics in boys at puberty) Gonads

39. INQUIRY 1.A disease in which too much T3 and T4 are produced. 2.The posterior pituitary produces which two hormones and what is their function? 3.What is acromegaly? 4.What organ does glucagon target? 5.The target tissue for lutenizing hormone is ____. 6.Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced? 7.If your adrenal cortex produced low levels of aldosterone, your urine would be _____? 8.What effect does parathyroid hormone have on your bones?