1. Refineries: From Crude Oil to Distillates
Classified by b.p.
Classified by Use
Natural gas: C1
Propane: C3
Gasoline: C7 - C9
Naphta C6-C11
Kerosene (Paraffin): C11-C18
Diesel oil C13-C15
Lubricating Oil C18-C25
Fuel oil C20-C27
Gases
Petrol
Naphta
Kerosene
Diesel oil
Fuel oil
Bitumen
Kerosene: 5th fraction after petroleum ethers, before oils (Merck index)
main fractions of crude oil (gases, petrol, naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, bitumen)
Good source of information:

2. Distillates - A second look
Higher boiling fractions distilled under vacuum

3. Gas vs. Diesel
A high tendency to autoignite is undesirable in a gasoline engine but desirable in a diesel engine.
We need two rating systems

4. Octane Number Cetane Number (Diesel) Octane Number (Gasoline)
Developed by the chemist Russell Marker:
2,2,4-trimethylpentane = 100
n-heptane =0.
87-octane gasoline is equivalent to a mixture of 87 vol-% isooctane and 13 vol-% n-heptane.
Selection of n-heptane as due to the availability of very high purity n-heptane distilled from the resin of the Jeffrey Pine. Heptane from crude oil is a mixture of isomers and would not give a precise zero point.
Different Octane numbers, depending on test protocol:
RON = Research Octane Number (used in Europe)
MON = Motor Octane Number
PON = Pump Octane Number = (RON + MON)/2 (US, CAN)
Iso-octane is not the most knock-resistant substance available. Racing fuels, straight ethanol (RON is 129 ) and liquified petroleum gas (LPG) have octane ratings > 110.
Typical "octane booster" additives etra-ethyl lead and toluene. Tetra-ethyl lead is easily decomposed to its component radicals, which react with the radicals from the fuel and oxygen that would start the combustion, thereby delaying ignition.
Cetane Number (Diesel)
The standard for the combustion quality of diesel fuel is the cetane number.
Good diesel fuel = high tendency to autoignite = Hich Cetane number

5. Coal: (Coal - Oil - Coal ?)
Plus: 500+ years of proven reserves at current consumption levels
Can substitute Oil & Gas directly (generation of el.) or indirectly
(Coal gasification).
Large reserves in countries that do not have oil, gas (SA, China, India, US).
Minus: Can’t be pumped - no pipeline must be mined (expensive undeground, cheap from strip mines
High in sulfur
Current: Main use for electricity generation, small amount for steel
(etallurgical coal).

6. Coal Players: Peabody, BHP, Teck-Cominco

7. Origin of Coal

8. Types of Coal

9. Use of Coal

10. Electricity From Coal

11. Coal and CO2

12. Coal production

13. China: The Coal Production Superpower

14. Australia: The Coal Reserve Superpower
Take home message:
•Production/ Use are about the past
•Reserves are about the future