1. Modernization: Iran, Egypt and Turkey Chapter 27 Section 3

2. Goal  Students will compare and contrast the development of three Middle Eastern nations  Iran, Egypt, Turkey

3. 1. Modernization  Changes in a nation that enable it to set up a stable government and produce a high level of goods and services  Goals

4. Pre-Class List several obstacles to Modernization in the Middle East

5. Obstacles to Modernization  population explosion  poverty  illiteracy  limited education  fear of cultural change  Islamists/Extremists  civil unrest/conflict/Political corruption/unrest  Debt Crisis  Scarcity of water/land

6. 2. Land and Resources of Iran  Land  2 nd largest country in the Middle East  Much of Iran is a dry, rugged plateau  Most Iranians live in the northeast where rainfall is adequate  Resources  Oil: Iran’s oil reserves: the 4th largest in the world = modernization

7. 3. People of Iran  3 rd largest population  more than a dozen ethnic groups  Only a small percentage of people are Arabs  Most people speak Persian, a modern form of the language of ancient Persia  Most Iranians are Muslims  Iran is the only Middle Eastern nation where Shiites are in the majority

8. 4. Shah of Iran  Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi  Argo Opening Argo Opening Argo Opening  Shah Iran from 1941-1979  But real power came after WWII  Operation Ajax 1953 – US backed coup  Supported by US and Britain

9. 4. Shah of Iran  Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi  Goals:  Economic and social reforms = modernize  He wanted to make Iran “comparable to the most developed countries in the world”  Shah gradually lost support from the Shi’a clergy of Iran, particularly due to his strong policy of modernization

10. #4. What the Shah accomplished  Economic and social reforms = Modernization  Land reform - broke up large estates and distributed land to peasants  improved health care and education  government financed water projects, new roads & encouraged industrial growth  Social reforms gave women new rights (right to vote)  Supported by SAVAK

11. 5. Causes of the Islamic Revolution  Shah’s policies didn’t improve life for many Iranians  A growing gap separated the small group of westernized Iranians from the rest of the Iranian people

12. 5. Causes of the Islamic Revolution  Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called on Iranians to defend their Islamic values  To many western ideas/values  Leader of the Islamic Revolution  In 1979 supporters of Khomeini overthrew the shah

13. New Year’s Eve 1977

14. Fundamentalism Belief that society should be based on the principles of one’s religion Opposition to westernization. Western influences corrupt the society

15. 6. Effects of the Islamic Revolution  Iran became a theocracy  a government ruled by religious leaders  Supreme Leader, Guardian Council, President  they replaced secular courts with religious courts & enforced Muslim traditions  Women were required to wear veils in public  Strict laws banned western movies and music  Hostage Crisis 1979  Revolutionaries held 52 American citizens hostage for over one year  Operation Eagle Claw

16. 6. Effects of the Islamic Revolution  Economy slowed because of economic sanctions from west  actions taken by one nation or group of nations to harm the economy of another nation or group, often to force a political change

17. 7. Recent political trends in Iran?  After Khomeini died in 1989 new leaders have made changes  Renewed some ties to western nations that have been cut – no formal relations with US  Slowly moved to elections but issues  Elections limited to Islamic candidates  Tensions between reformers and traditionalists  Reformers want to quicken the pace of change  Traditionalists reject modernizing influences that undermine Islamic principles  Today: Many of the reforms have been lost with the rise of Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad - Possible changes with new President Hassan Rouhani

18. 7. Recent political trends in Iran?  Today: Many of the reforms have been lost with the rise of Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad - Possible changes with new President Hassan Rouhani  Increased prosperity in last 10 years Ahmadinejad President Hassan Rouhani

19. 8. Population in Egypt  Egypt has the largest population in the Middle East  Because most of Egypt is a desert, 95% of Egyptians live on only 5% of the land  Cities, towns and villages border a narrow strip of land along the Nile River  12% of the population live in Cairo

20. 8. Egypt’s Resources  Egypt’s greatest resource in the fertile Nile Valley  Developing agriculture is a goal of the government

21. 9. The Goal of Egypt’s economic policy  To end economic dependence on the West – socialism  Expand farm output  Increased wages for urban workers

22. 10. Economic Policy of Gamal Abdel Nasser (1956-1970)  Nasser promoted Arab socialism  Nationalized industry including Suez Canal  Nasser also built the Aswan High Dam  Dam allowed Egypt to irrigate more farmland, control Nile flooding, and produce low-cost hydroelectric power for factories and homes  Limited success

23. 11. Sadat and Mubarak changed Nasser’s goals  Sadat (1970- 1981) moved away from Arab socialism and encouraged foreign and private industry in Egypt - Open Door

24. 11. Sadat and Mubarak changed Nasser’s goals  Mubarak: became president after Sadat’s assassination (1981-2011)  He tried to balance the needs of a large population & pay Egypt’s debt  cut in social programs  hurt thousands of Egyptians – Unrest Website Unrest WebsiteUnrest Website  Rise in Islamists

25. Arab Spring refers to the democratic uprisings that arose independently and spread across the Arab world in 2011. The movement originated in Tunisia in December 2010 and quickly took hold in Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan.

26. Arab Spring Mubarak Removed from power 2011 Arab Spring Authoritarian rule – lack of free election Poor economy = high unemployment & low wagers Transitional government

27. 12. Obstacles to the Development of Egypt  Islamists groups turned to terrorism (Frontline Video)  In 1997, a group of terrorists killed 58 foreign tourists  Mubarak remained a key ally of the United States, which brought criticism from Islamic extremists  Debt  Political Unrest

28. 13. How Turkey built Western Ties  Turkey joined NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization  A western military alliance  Turkey also sought to join the European Union  Membership helps to increase trade and other ties with Europe  secularism

29. 14. Describe Turkey’s economy  Turkey has one of the most balanced economies in the Middle East  Mix of modern industry and trade along with traditional agriculture  Have also developed a number of industries  Automobile manufacturing, textiles, food processing  In the past, government controlled the economy-today it has privatized some industry and set up joint ventures with European countries

30. 15. Challenges Turkey faces  Population is growing faster than the economy’s ability to create new jobs  To remain a stable democracy  To resolve the goals of modernization with Islamic fundamentalism  Turkey Lifts Longtime Ban on Head Scarves in State Offices October 8, 2013   ISTANBUL — The government lifted a ban on head scarves for female workers in state offices, ending a longstanding restriction that has polarized Turkish society.  Show Frontline Muslim Chapter 6 -10 minutes

31. 16a. Common Threads  Ending foreign control of industry  Feeding, educating and employing their growing population  giving extensive governmental power  economic and social reforms  improving agriculture and industry  technology  effect = westernization  To resolve the goals of modernization with Islamic fundamentalism

32. 16b. Important Differences  Iran & Egypt nationalized industry and redistributed land  Turkey tries to align itself with the West  Egypt and Turkey lack oil