1. Unit 1: Introduction the Human Body
Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy/Physiology
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

2. CHAPTER 1: Introduction to the Human Body
What is anatomy?
The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts.
What is physiology?
The study of how organisms perform their vital functions through the use of internal and external structures of the body.

3. Levels of Organization
Chemical/Molecular  Cellular (simplest form of life)  Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism
Figure 1-1

4. Homeostasis Homeo : unchanging + stasis : standing
The ability to continue a stable internal environment
Maintaining homeostasis is essential for all living organisms to survive.
Homeostatic Regulation: the adjustment of physiological systems to continue homeostasis
2 Mechanisms Involved
1-Autoregulation
2-Extrinsic Regulation

5. Homeostasis continued…
Autoregulation: or intrinsic regulation
Automatic adjustment in response to an environmental change
Extrinsic Regulation:
Nervous system or endocrine system regulation
When a homeostatic regulation occurs there are 3 parts:
1- Receptor: a sensor that is sensitive to an environmental change
2- Control Center: area which receives and processes the information from the receptor
3- Effector: a cell or organ that responds to the commands

6. Homeostatic Regulation continued…
Negative Feedback:
Controlling or going against the change
Example: Body gets too warm Negative Feedback: Body begins to sweat
Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation
Positive Feedback:
Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the effects
Example: Break in blood vessel  Damaged cells release chemical  clotting begins  additional chemicals released  clotting accelerates
Important in accelerating processes that must proceed to completion quickly

7. Organ Systems
The Integumentary
The Skeletal

8. Organ Systems
The Muscular
The Nervous

9. Organ Systems
The Endocrine
The Circulatory

10. Organ Systems
The Lymphatic
The Respiratory

11. Organ Systems
The Digestive
The Urinary

12. Organ Systems
The Reproductive

13. Anatomical Landmarks Anatomical Position
Hands at sides with palms facing forward
Supine: body laying with face up
Prone: body laying with face down

14. Anatomical Regions 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right lobe of liver, gall bladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestines
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left love of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs, right ureter
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs

15. Anatomical Regions 9 Abdominopelvic Region Right Hypochondriac Region
Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumbar Region
Right Inguinal Region
Hypogastric Region
Left Inguinal Region

19. Directional Terms Superior: above, at a higher level
Inferior: below, at a lower level
Anterior: front
Posterior: back
Ventral: Belly side
Dorsal: Back side
Cranial: the head
Caudal: the tail/coccyx
Medial: towards the midsagittal plane
Lateral: away from midsagittal plane
Proximal: close to attached base
Distal: away from attached base
Superficial: towards surface
Deep: farther from surface, deep
Figure 1-8

20. Planes of Section
Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior sections
Frontal Plane or coronal plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into right and left halves

21. Body Cavities Figure 1-10

22. Dorsal Body Cavities
Cranial Cavity
Spinal Cavity
Ventral Body Cavities
The diaphragm separates:
Thoracic Cavity
Right Pleural Cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardial Cavity
Parietal Pericardium---opposing surface
Visceral Pericardium---layer covering the heart
Left Pleural Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity

25. CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
What percentage of each element is found in the Human body?
Oxygen---A component of water, important for respiration
65%
Carbon---Found in all organic molecules
18.6%
Hydrogen---A component of water
9.7%
Nitrogen---Found in proteins, nucleic acids
3.2%
Calcium---Found in bones and teeth
1.8%

26. Inorganic Compounds-
Usually do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as part of the primary structure
Most important
Carbon Dioxide
Byproduct of cell metabolism
Oxygen
Gas required for important metabolic reactions
Water
Accounts for most of our body weight
Acids, bases, salts

27. Organic Compounds- Carbohydrates
Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Most familiar are sugars and starches
Most important sources of energy that are metabolizes vs stored
3 main types
Monosaccharides
Simple sugar
Common example would be Glucose and is the most important metabolic fuel for the body—Chemical formula??
Can dissolve quickly in water and is rapidly distributed throughout the body

28. Organic Compounds- Carbohydrates
Disaccharides
Is 2 mono’s joined together
Complex molecule
The body must disassemble them before they can be useful
Polysaccharides
Multiple Disaccharides joined together
Our digestive tract can break these molecules into Mono’s
Starch is a common example
Cellulose-more energy expended through chewing than made back through digestion

29. Organic Compounds- Lipids
Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Familiar lipids include fats, oils, and waxes
Most are insoluble in water
Form an essential component in all cells
Phospholipids
Account for 12-18% of total body weight in males and 18-24% in females
Common Examples
Fatty Acids
Glycerides
Steroids

30. Organic Compounds- Proteins
Most abundant in human body
Account for 20% of total human weight
Functions:
Support
Movement
Transport
Buffering
Metabolic Regulation
Coordination and control
Defense
Structure:
Contain long chains of amino acids