1. An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology 1 1

2. Warm-UP What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?

3. Introduction All living organisms share these basic life processes: Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Movement Metabolism- combination of all chemical reactions Homeostasis

4. Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Anatomy: Branch of science that deals with structure of body parts Physiology: Branch of science that deals with functions of body parts

5. Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Gross anatomy “Naked eye” anatomy Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Sectional anatomy Microscopic anatomy Cytology: study of individual cells Histology: study of tissues

6. Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Human physiology: Study of human body function Cell physiology- cells Special physiology- organs System physiology- systems Pathological physiology- disease

7. Levels of Organization Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity: Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

8. Levels of Organization Molecular a. Atoms- particles -( ex. proton, neutron, electrons) b. Molecules- bonded elements(Two or more atoms joined together by either covalent or ionic bonds) c. Macromolecules- large bonded molecules in human body 1. proteins 2.carbohydrates 3. nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) 4. lipids

9. Levels of Organization Organelle- specific structures which carry on cell activities Cell basic unit of life

10. Levels of Organization Tissue group of cells that work together to perform a particular function (ex. Blood, muscle) Organ Group of two or more tissues working together to provide for specific functions, usually a particular shape (ex. Lungs, heart, skin)

11. Levels of Organization Organ System consist of one or more organs that provide a common function Organism

12. Level Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20)

13. Checkpoint Can you name all 11 organ systems?????? Try it.

14. Overview of Organ Systems The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems: Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

15. Introduction to Organ Systems Key Note The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute.

16. Endocrine System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Integumentary System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System

17. Warm-UP 1.What is homeostasis? 2.List ways the human body maintains homeostasis. 3.How do you think this happens?

18. Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis Maintains stable internal conditions Ex. Temperature, heart rate, breathing, Ionic concentrations, Blood sugar levels, etc. Response to change Utilizes feedback mechanisms Largely controlled by Nervous and Endocrine Systems

19. Homeostatic Regulation Regulation depends on: Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus Control Center processes information Effector that affects(responds to) the same stimulus

20. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises Normal condition disturbed HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops Normal condition restored EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on Sends commands to Information affects CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20 o 30 o 40 o Figure 1-3 1 of 6

21. Homeostatic Regulation Negative Feedback: Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective/reverse response Response negates/opposes disturbance Ex. Temperature regulation

22. Figure 1-4 1 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Negative feedback Sends commands to Information affects Information affects CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends commands to EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Control mechanism when body temperature falls RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored

23. Homeostatic Regulation Positive Feedback: Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus Response rapidly completes critical process and takes body away from homeostasis Ex. Fruit ripening, labor contractions, blood clotting

24. Homeostatic Regulation Figure 1-5

25. Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis and Disease Failure of homeostatic regulation results in disorder, disease, or death First symptoms appear Then organ systems malfunction Signs might be measured/noticed by an observer http://www.bozemanscience.com /positive-and-negative-feedback- loops http://www.bozemanscience.com /positive-and-negative-feedback- loops

26. Homeostatic Regulation Key Note Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. They monitor and adjust internal conditions.

27. Anatomical Terminology set of terms to describe positions of body parts and anatomy Anatomical position relative positions body sections body cavities

28. Standard Anatomical Position Body erect facing forward Upper limbs at side Palms forward Supine: Face up/forward Prone: Face down/back

29. Relative Positions Terms that compare two body parts and the location with respect to each other Anterior ( ventral) – front Posterior ( dorsal) – back Superior - above Inferior – below Lateral – away from midline (side to side) Medial – towards midline

30. Relative Positions Proximal – close to point of attachment Distal – further from point of attachment Superficial- near the surface Deep-away from the surface

31. On Left Side of Interactive Notebook- Write a sentence using each relative position term. (10 sentences)

32. Body Sections: Planes and Sections Transverse plane Separates top/bottom Frontal(aka coronal) plane Separates front/back Sagittal plane Separates left/right

33. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-9

34. Summary of Relative Positions:

35. The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Regions Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions Four abdominopelvic quadrants Nine abdominopelvic regions

36. The Language of Anatomy

39. Body Cavities Ventral body cavity Protects delicate organs Permits organ growth and movement Surrounds: Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive organs

40. The Language of Anatomy Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity: Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities (R and L) Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Peritoneal membrane

41. The Language of Anatomy

42. Microscopes!!!