1. Good Morning! Please get out your maps and grab a marker from the bag on the front table.

2. Exploration GOD GOD – Spread Catholicism – Spaniards uniquely qualified- Why? GLORY GLORY – Desire for wealth and personal advancement Export the troublesome nobility Export the troublesome nobility GOLD GOLD – Wealth- of the State, and personal gain

3. Exploration Now’s where we take notes Portugal – Henry the Navigator – New route to India Da Gama Encouraged high- seas travel Spain – The Reconquista – Columbus – The “New World”

4. Exploration, Expansion, & Colonization – The “Treaty of Tordesillas”(1494) Pope Alexander VI (Spaniard) – Magellan (Spain) 1519 – Exploration &Conquest Conquistadores – Cortes & the Aztecs (1519) » Disloyalty of Aztec allies » Smallpox – Pizarro & the Inca (1540) » Inca civil war (Atahualpa & room of gold, conversion and strangulation)

5. Pope Alexander VI Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

7. WHAT IS Mercantilism? Mercantilism?

8. The Colombian Exchange & Triangular Trade What was traded. The pattern of trade From the Americas (aka; the New World) Beans, squash, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, chilis, chocolate, maize, potatoes, avocados, pineapple, syphillis, tobacco,… From the Eastern Hemisphere (aka; the Old World) Wheat, olives, grapes, bananas, rice, citrus fruits, melons, Slaves, figs, sugar, coconuts, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits, rats, smallpox,…

9. Smallpox

10. What was traded

11. Triangular Trade The Pattern of trade in the Atlantic

12. The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

13. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

14. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

15. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

16. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

17. What impact did the Atlantic Slave Trade have on West Africa and the Americas West Africa Strong trade kingdoms like Oyo, Benin, Dahomey, Kongo and Asante emerged as suppliers of slaves and gold to the Europeans. (hence the Gold Coast of Africa) In exchange for slaves rulers in West Africa received muskets and gunpowder which helped them to consolidate power.

18. Iberian Colonial Organization The Spanish established Two Centers of Authority; Mexico and Peru, later divided in to four Viceroyalties and the Audiencia of Chile Viceroy’s were the King’s representative in the New World; – Viceroyalty of New Spain – Viceroyalty of New Granada – Viceroyalty of Peru – Viceroyalty of La Plata

19. Iberian Colonial Organization, continued Each Viceroyalty operated independently – Government set up in urban areas Until the 17 th c. almost all officials were peninsulares – Creoles (heritage suspect) Many Catholic Priests arrived with the Conquistadores – Jesuits- conversion – Franciscans- ministering and nursing the poor

20. Colonial Economy in Latin America Spanish: – Encomienda Encomenderos could force natives to work in silver mines or fields- in return they were responsible for their well-being and Christianization – Mit’a Labor obligation: 1/7 th of the adult male Amerindians to work at any given time for 2-4 months. – Breakdown of labor system Mass deaths of workers Importation of African Slaves

21. Economy & Silver Silver Mines- a mixed blessing for the Spanish – VALUABLE on the Global market – HUGE quantities in the new World – Galleons subject to attack from Pirates and foreign “Men o’ War” – Silver that arrives in Spain: Went to pay for religious wars Went to buy luxury and manufactured goods What productive activity did the newfound wealth not contribute to? – Inflation

22. Other Social Groups created by Colonization Miscegination Few women came over from Spain and Portugal, so many soldiers took native wives. – European + Amerindian = Mestizo Once African slaves were introduced another dimension for social distinctions was added – European + African = Mulatto Together with Mestizos, Mulattos composed the Castas; a middle-level status between Europeans at the top, and Amerindians and Africans at the bottom.

24. Conclusion Most European monarchs sought to increase their power by limiting that of the nobles- often by exporting them to the New World. Most European monarchs sought to increase their power by limiting that of the nobles- often by exporting them to the New World. The “New World” was claimed by the kingdoms of Europe and were the cause of great competition. (mercantilism) The “New World” was claimed by the kingdoms of Europe and were the cause of great competition. (mercantilism) This competition was carried on the backs of indigenous and later, imported forced-labor (coercive labor system) This competition was carried on the backs of indigenous and later, imported forced-labor (coercive labor system)