2. Goal – to apply the ST and S-F (and other approaches) to real-world analysis. To understand the factors to be compared and the data used in empirical study versus normative study 1.Questions from homework? Discussion of Current Events 2.Review A&P’s S-F approach – Finish diagram of US 3.How does Kesselman fit with the ST’s – look at each of the four themes and explain how they connect to the ST’s 4.Review The Rogue that Plays by the Rules and highlight examples of S-F terms and concepts – complete a S-F diagram for the situation in China 5.What is being compared? Finish using graphic organizer to connect AR #10’s (Palmer) specific terms and developed concepts to each of the ST’s and the S-F approach. Describe the factors, concepts, topics and characteristics that we will compare in this course. 6.Using the typological approach – the three world’s model, McCormick’s approach and other typology. a)What will we learn from analyzing the data presented in AR 11? b)Develop 5 comparative questions that you want answered based on the data presented. c) i.e. If the US has a higher crime rate than Britain, What distributive public policies have led to lower crime? (ST 5) Do the state and its policies have higher legitimacy in UK than US (st1 & st3 AP Comp Day 6 – How and WHAT will we compare?

3. articulation aggregation Policy making implementation Policy functions System Functions Foreign state Structural – Functional Approach

4. Articulation – interest groups types are based on: 1. their goals and organization A.institutional groups – groups whose main purpose is something other than interest articulation like a bureaucracy in government, the Church, the bridge club, etc. but nonetheless operates at times to advance in the political system the interests of its members B.Associational groups – a formal, well-organized, hierarchical (generally) organization whose primary purpose is articulation of its members’ interests C.Non-associational groups – like associational in purpose, but not well-organized and without formality or “membership” D.Anomic groups - spontaneous, unorganized groups who form generally from emotional stimuli like frustration or relative deprivation. Behaviors and methods of interest articulation are often violent 2.Their number, efficacy and connection to the state A.Corporatist – entire sectors of interest are represented by a single organization (body) speaking with a single voice B.Pluralist – each interest sector is represented by numerous groups each with its own voiceArticulation

5. Aggregation – political leadership, elites and parties are dependent upon the structure of the state, its electoral/recruitment system, and the media of communication The major aggregator in most countries is a political party. However, some systems are organized differently like in theocratic Iran, military junta-ruled Burma or the Emirate of UAE 1.Authoritarian single-party exclusive and inclusive 2.Authoritarian multi-party 3.competitive 2 party – Single-member district first- past-the-post electoral system 4.Pluralist party systems – parliamentary proportional electoral systemAggregation

6. Policy-making Structure of the state and its system functions dictate the policy- making process and its relationship to aggregation. (so does culture, environment and history play a role) The US and most other modern liberal democratic states use a collaborative and consultative process between the executive, the bureaucracy and the legislative structures with increasing input from interest groups. –As states have become more and more modern and complex, so too have their bureaucracies. More specialized skills and knowledge are needed to craft effective policies out side of the traditional political process Therefore, bureaucracies have become more involved in policy-making and more influential in the policy-making process. Other system types have different policy-making procedures that result from the different structures. China’s party-based hierarchy makes policy very differently from the Monarchy of Saudi Arabia and the dictatorship of Zimbabwe and the crony-capitalist Russia

7. Implementation Structure of the state and its system functions dictate the policy- implementation process and its relationship to aggregation. (so does culture, environment and history play a role) –Countries that have fatalistic cultures are more likely to have heavy- handed and secretive implementation than individualistic and egalitarian cultures that will demand more transparency and rule of law. Recruitment plays a significant role in the effectiveness of implementation. –Professional meritocratic bureaucracies are much more likely to implement policy effectively and consistently. –Patron-client systems are less likely to hire competent and qualified implementers and therefore will result in less successful policy implementation. Socialization and communication also affect implemenation

8. Substantive Topics and Kesselman Sovereignty, Authority, Power, Political Institutions Citizens, Society & State Political and economic Change Public Policy Collective identity Making of the state Governance and policy-making Democratic idea Collective identity Representation and participation World of states Political economy and development Politics in transition

9. 1.World of states – analyzing at the political divisions globally by studying the natural division of the nation-state. When doing this analysis, we must look at: A.the internal operation of the state, ST II B.the effects of the international community ST IV C.regime typological comparison, ST I and II D.Effects of globalization including supranational institutions. ST I and II E.Historical development – ST I 2.Governing the Economy – A.ST 1 (sovereignty and belief systems), B.STII institutions that affect and are affected by the economy, C.ST IV – economic change, D.ST V public policy because most public policies are really related to economics. Kesselman’s Four Themes:

10. 3. The Democratic Ideal – analyzing the role of the process of democratization in each country, the effect of the democratizing idea spreading throughout the world, the extent to which a state has democratized A.ST 1 – belief systems about government and politics B.ST II regime type and the differences within democratic regimes C.ST III role of the citizen, methods and means and efficacy of interest articulation D.ST IV how democratization has occurred and what the future holds relative to the depth and longevity of democratic ideal. E.ST V effect of all of the above on specific public policies. 4. Politics of collective identity – this is essentially a focus on ST III citizen society and the state. Varying aspects of identity also connect to ST I re: idea of national identity and sovereignty and to ST II regarding the effect on political institutions, especially interest groups and political parties. Kesselman’s Four Themes:

11. Substantive Topics and The Rogue that Plays by the Rules Sovereignty, Authority, Power, Political Institutions Citizens, Society & State Political and economic Change Public Policy Outsourcing of china’s decision-making. Type of econ system Communication of corruption and punishment is accountability Lack of certain checks: free press, ind. Legislature, ind. Judiciary There is a FDA State-run and foreign media have impact Change has come from outside, and primarily economic actors and factors Relation b/t social, economic and political change – econ development not dependent on democratic factors Execution for corruption Common public policy – econ growth, sustainable development, climate change, exchange rates, energy Article discusses system-environment approach re: causes of economic change, typology re: econ and poli system, historical re: change in china

12. Substantive Topics and Palmer’s Terminology Sovereignty, Authority, Power, Political Institutions Citizens, Society & State Political and economic Change Public Policy source of power can be limited by constitutional regimes Institutionalization shows legitimacy Economic systems (marxism, socialism, capitalism, mixed) Nationalism – external culture face Internal political culture Elites – unitary and pluralistic (recruitment Bureaucracy Catch-all, devotee, & single-issue parties More modern – the need for more complex structures structures – equitable distribution builds support political participation Masses – relative deprivation leading to anomic behavior Pressure groups Cross-cutting and cumulative cleavages institutionalization is a method of system change Pressure and elite linkage Economic and political conflict Structure of state influences change Outcomes of economic growth – growth w and w/o equity

13. 1.Variables to study 1.Political variables 2.Economic variables 3.Social variables 2.The 6 arenas 1.Liberal democracies 2.Communist and Post-Communist (Formerly the 2 nd world) 3.Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC) (transitioning from 3 rd to 1 st world status) 4.Less Developed Countries (LDC) (formerly the 3 rd World) 5.Islamic Countries 6.Marginal Countries (Formerly the bottom of the 3 rd World) McCormick’s Typology approach

14. Legitimacy A significant segment of the citizenry must believe that the state acts with some moral authority. People believe that the state has the right to issue rules binding for people within their borders - Kesselman People believe that rules should be followed voluntarily because they are in the best interests of all citizens. – Palmer People have the feeling that the regime’s rule is rightful and should be obeyed.- Roskin Some key legitimizing factors – Transparency, free elections, compatibility of system with culture, open and free press, economic success, improved living standards, rule of law, access to quality public services, civil rights, responsiveness to inputs, civil society, accountability, political efficacy, absence of relative deprivation

15. Rule of Law The concept that the power and discretion of government and its officials ought to be restrained by a supreme set of neutral rules that prevent arbitrary and unfair action by government. Also called constitutionalism. - Magstadt the principle that legal rules rather than arbitrary or personal decisions determine what happens – Hauss governments can take no action that has not been authorized by law and that citizens can be punished only for actions violating existing laws- A & P

16. Civic Culture Culture characterized by by trust, legitimacy, and limited involvement, which some theorists believe is most conducive to democracy - Hauss A political culture characterized by 1)most citizens’ acceptance of the authority of the state but also 2) a general belief in civic duties… participation is mixed with passivity, trust and a deference to authority – Wynn

17. Civil Society The web of membership in social and political groups that some analysts believe is needed to sustain democracy - Hauss an extensive network of interest groups and public participation …social and political interactions free of state control or regulation, such as community groups, voluntary associations and even religious groups – A+P space occupied by voluntary associations outside the state like professional associations, trade unions, student and women’s groups…similar to society although civil society implies a degree of organization absent from the more inclusive term society - Kesselman