1. Industrialized Democracies An overview

3. Political system Inputs –types: support & demands –channels: interest groups and parties Decision making –institutions & leaders of the state Outputs –public policy

4. Political system inputs interest articulation –voting, participation in elections –informal group, social movement –personal interest contact –protest activity interest groups channels of political access

5. Political system inputs interest aggregation –political demands of individuals and groups are combined into policy programs personal interest aggregation –patron-client network central person or group provides benefits to supporters in exchange for their loyalty

6. Institutional interest aggregation associational groups –e.g. aggregation of labor and business interests institutional groups –e.g. bureaucracy and military political parties are the primary structures of interest aggregation –competitive vs. authoritarian party systems

7. Competitive party system political parties can freely form primarily try to build electoral support citizen support is prerequisite for controlling government the closeness of electoral victory or even the number of political parties are not essential –e.g. the Indian or African National Congress

8. Competitive party system 3 stages of interest aggregation in a competitive party system within individual parties –candidates and policy proposals through electoral competition through bargaining and coalition building in the legislature or executive

9. Electoral rules single-member district plurality rule –“first past the post” –e.g. Britain, U.S., and many other countries once influenced by Britain –the “Median Voter Theorem” proportional representation –e.g. many countries in continental Europe

10. Duverger’s Law Plurality single-member district election rules tend to create two-party systems in the legislature Proportional representation electoral systems generate multiple party systems in the legislature

11. Three Types of Polities Industrialized democracies –North America, European Union, Japan, and Oceania Current and former communist regimes –East Europe, East Asia, and Cuba The Third World –Latin America, Asia, and Africa

12. Three Types of Polities

13. Democracy: conceptual issues Greek words: rule by the people Who are “the people”? –Gender, race, and age How to rule? –Direct versus representative democracy Almost every government claims to be a democracy

14. Criteria of democracy Institutional arrangements? Individual freedom? Economic equality?... Necessary condition but Not sufficient condition

15. Criteria of democracy Democracies guarantee basic individual freedoms and rights Democracies rely on the rule of law Democratic governments are chosen through regular, free, and fair elections –different electoral systems single-member district & first-past-the-post system proportional representation system

16. Criteria of democracy Two uncertain and controversial criteria: civil society and civic culture –legitimacy (the right to rule) –distinction between administration and democracy capitalism and affluence Historical development of democracy

17. Origins of the Democratic State In Europe (and North America) the way democracy developed was largely a result of the way countries handled four great transformations over the last 500 years: –The creation of the nation and state itself –The role of religion in society and government –The development of pressures for democracy –The industrial revolution

19. Waves of Democratization ``A group of transitions from nondemocratic to democratic regimes that occur within a specified period of time and that significantly outnumber transitions in the opposite direction during that period”

20. The First Two Waves A long and slow wave from 1828 to 1926 A reverse wave of democratic breakdown from 1922 to 1942 A wave of democratization after World War II from 1943 to 1964 A reverse wave of democratic breakdown from 1961 to 1975

21. The Third Wave Started in Portugal and Spain in mid- 1970s Spread to South America from late 1970s to early 1980s Reached Asia in late 1980s Surge of transitions in East Europe at end of 1980s South Africa 1990

22. The Third Wave

23. Political parties in democracies Traditional left-right political spectrum left end: communist parties left: social democratic parties right: Christian democratic parties right: conservative parties