1. Chapter 8 Greece, Turkey and Cyprus Nathalie Tocci

2. Greece, Turkey and Cyprus From Ottoman Empire to Independence and Conflict Turkey’s Rocky Road to Democracy Domestic Politics and Institutions Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean

3. Introduction Greece, Turkey and Cyprus born out of the Ottoman Empire Rough paths to democracy Relations between the three, and with EU, are crucial to their external affairs

4. From Ottoman Empire to Independence and Conflict Greece establishes independence 1829 Greek military campaign 1920-2 Turkey emerged in 1923 out of the Greek-Turkish War Cyprus divides between Greece and Turkey 1944-9 – Greek Civil War 1960 – Cyprus becomes independent bi-communal Republic (collapses 1963) 1967-74 – Greek dictatorship 1974 – Greek junta targets Cyprus, prompting own downfall 1975 – Hellenic Republic created

5. Turkey’s Rocky Road to Democracy Turkey created 1923 by Atatürk Kemalist vision: –western, stable, homogenous nation-state –Blend of westernization, secularism, nationalism, statism, populism Challenges to Turkish state: –Kurdish separatism –Political Islam

6. Domestic Politics and Institutions: post-1974 Greece Parliamentary democracy Party system centred around New Democracy and PASOK Tradition of strong state, clientelism and weak civil society Reforms since late 1980s have created stable 2-party system, civil society and sub-state level government

7. Domestic Politics and Institutions: Republic of Turkey One-party system (Republican People’s Party (CHP)) until 1946 Democrat Party (DP) legalised in 1946 Both Kemalist moderate parties Turbulent development of party system, due to periodic military rule and outlawing of parties Post-1961: Justice Party (ex-DP) vs. CHP Post-1983: dominance of Motherland Party (neo-liberal) emerges 2002: AKP (Justice and Development Party) (moderate Islam) vs. CHP

8. Domestic Politics and Institutions: Greek Cyprus Presidential executive All parties committed to reunification, repatriation and Turkish withdrawal Divide between Greek Cypriot nationalists and Cypriot nationalists

9. Domestic Politics and Institutions: Turkish Cyprus Semi-presidential executive Political unity around call for political equality with Greek Cypriots, autonomy for Turkish Cypriots, continued role for Turkey Divide between nationalists and centre- left/liberals

10. Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean Since 1975 Greek foreign policy has changed dramatically Turkey has close, but problematic, ties with West and Europe North-South conflict is key factor in Cypriot foreign policy in both communities