Emergence of a New World

Emergence of a New World 1500 - 1800
NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION OF A WORLD MARKET Ch. 14 How did Portugal and Span acquire their overseas empires, and how did their methods differ? What were some of the consequences of the arrival of the European traders and missionaries for the peoples of Asia and the Americas? What were the main features of the African Slave trade and what effects did European participation have on traditional African practices?

Context 16th – 18th C several factors contributed to creating the conditions of our time: Extension of Maritime Trade The Chinese in East Africa Portuguese and Spanish in Africa & the Americas Emergence of a global economic network Rise of European Capitalism

Why is the age of Columbus a crucial period in world History?
Marked the end of isolation of the western hemisphere Creation of first global network Transmission of commodities, ideas, plants, diseases Increased trade & manufacturing Major economic changes in Europe The west emerged as the dominant world power

What factors allowed Europeans to Dominate?
Technology Improvements in Navigation, Ship building, Weaponry Based on earlier achievements of china, India and the middle east Desire for unfettered economic gain Religious Zeal, political conflict between Christendom & Islam Europe’s Political stability, sources of Capital & modernizing elite

Islam and the Spice Trade Asia and Africa
Focus Question: Where were the early centers of trade and influence between the 13th and 16th Centuries How did Muslim Merchants expand the world trade network in the late 1400s? Identifications: Malacca Malian Empire & Mansa Musa Songhai Kingdom & Sunni Ali

13th C Muslims established trade in Sumatra and Java
14th C Muslim merchants monopolized the spice trade 15th C The Sultanate Paramesvara established operations at Malacca to expand trade and influence Vassal of China under Ming Dynasty Converso (Islam) 16th C Malacca was the leading economic power in the region Spread of Islam South East Asia While the Indian Ocean had been a through fare of the spice trade for centuries including the Chinese since the Tang dynasty, Afro-phoenecians (Queen of Sheba) Western historians regard the voyage of Vasco de Gama as expanding the spice trade and opening up trade routes to the east. In the 13th Century Muslims, Arabs and converts, had established a presence in seaports on the islands of Sumatra and Java as witnessed by Venetian traveler Marco Polo in 1292. By the 14 th Century a growing percentage of the spice trade was conducted by Muslim ships sailing from ports in Indian or the middle east. The It was in the 15th C through the new sultanate Paramesvara at Malacca that led to wide spread Islam in Southeast Asia. He was a vassal of the Hindu state of Majapahit on Java and established his operations in Malacca for the purpose of expanding trade and influence. By the 16th C a visitor from Portugal confirmed that Malacca was the center of trade in that region. Commander Zeng He of the Ming fleet visited Malacca in the 16th C and Paramesvara became a vassal of China. He also converted to Islam in order to more effectively participate in the trade dominated by Muslim Merchants. Through these strategic efforts, moving to Malacca, and entering into diplomacy with China and Islam through conversion, Malacca became the leading economic power in the region and helped promote the spread of Islam throughout trading ports throughout the islands of southeast Asia (Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines) The Strait of Malacca

Malian Empire 14th -15th C Early Islamic Influence in Africa
Malian Empire under Mansa Musa 14th C Musa made Haj to Mecca Islamic Merchants transmitted Islamic values Political culture Legal traditions Trade items Continued to expand into west Africa The Spread of Islam in Africa: Muslim trade and religious influence continued to expand south of the Sahara and into the Niger River Valley in West Africa. After Centuries of influence Muslim influence continued to expand following the establishment of Muslim control over the Mediterranean and coastal regions. Influence of merchants: Islamic values, political culture, legal traditions, trade items The early stage of formation that collimated with the kingdom of Mali, symbolized by the renowned Mansa Musa who made pilgrimage to Mecca in the 14th C As Mali began to decline, the people of Songhay who dominated the areas of the Niger Valley began to rise. Traditionally they wer farmers, herders and fisherman. It began to form in the 7th C as an independent kingdom and by 1010 was established at Gao on the Niger River. Rulers were Muslim, but the majority of the population remained pagan. By the 1370sit was thriving as new sources of gold from the west African forests began to pass through the territory. Gao became a large city with a resident foreign merchant community and several mosques. Under a leader, Sunni Ali the empire was forged. Conquered the trading cities of Jenne and Timbuktu, the middle Niger Valley, he developed as system of provincial administration to mobilize recruits for the army and rule the far-flung conquests. A line of Muslim rulers who took the military title Askia succeeded him and they, especially Muhammad the Great, extended the boundaries of the Empire so that by the mid 1500s Songhai dominated central Sudan. Kingdom of Songhai: Decline of Malian empire in the late 15th C was replaced with the Kingdom of Songhai, Sunni Ali, a local Chieftain seized Timbuktu from its Berber Overloads in 1468 and then sought to restore the empire of its predecessors. Under his rule, Songhai emerged as a major trading state in the region. The Songhai went in decline following its successors death , military commander Askia Mohammad, in 1528.

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Trans-Saharan Trade Routes 1. One of the keys to the trans-Saharan trade was Carthage, established about 813 B.C.E. in North Africa by Phoenicia. Carthage did not directly carry out the African trade but used the nomadic Berbers as intermediaries. Utilizing camels that were domesticated sometime at the beginning of the Christian era, the traders could move about 500 pounds for each animal and travel around twenty-five miles a day. Merchants usually walked and guided the animals. Travel, which could last three months, was predominantly at night since the desert day temperatures reached well over a hundred degrees while the low at night would be in the twenties. One caravan in the fourteenth century reportedly contained 12,000 camels. After about the fifth century the Berbers adapted the saddle for the camel thereby giving them powerful political and military advantage, especially in controlling the trade routes. 2. Ancient trade routes included trans-Saharan links between North Africa and the Nile River. There was also an ancient route connecting the Nile and Niger Rivers. Since at least 130 B.C.E West Africa shipped north and east gold, precious stones, cola nuts, slaves, and wild animals. In turn, horses, cattle, millet, leather, cloth, and weapons came from the north. 3. One of the most important areas of West Africa was Ghana with its capital at Saleh, a city of 15,000-20,000 by the twelfth century. Emerging in the fifth century C.E. north of the Senegal and Niger Rivers, it was located near one of the richest gold producing areas in Africa. The gold was procured from neighboring people and transported to Marrakech and Morocco where it was distributed to the northern world. Ghana also exported to the Mediterranean ivory, ostrich feathers, hides, leather goods, and ultimately slaves. In 992 Ghana captured the Berber town of Awdaghast which gave it control of the southern portion of the major trans-Saharan trade routes. By the thirteenth century, Ghana was destroyed and in its place grew several states including Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and the Hausa. Mali extended from the Atlantic coast to the Niger River. Timbuktu was not only one of the main trading centers from which gold was traded to build the power of wealth of Mali but also by the fifteenth century had developed into a great center of scholarship and learning. Songhai, at the eastern end of the Niger, was under Mali's control until By the late fifteenth century Songhai dominated the entire upper Niger and had captured Timbuktu. Under Songhai the trans-Saharan trade reached its height focusing on gold and other commodities of West Africa such as slaves and ivory. At the end of the sixteenth century Songhai collapsed. The fourth significant state was Kanem-Bornu near Lake Chad. Kanem from 1100 to 1500 controlled the trade routes north to the Mediterranean and east to the Nile. In the fifteenth century power shifted to Bornu. Question: 1. What was the relationship between the growth of empire and trade? 14

The Songhai Kingdom, 15th C
Sunni Ali 1464 – 1492 forged new Empire Restored influence of trading centers Jenne and Timbuktu system of provincial administration Extended boundaries, by mid 1500’s dominated Central Sudan

Songhai was the last of the great states to dominate the region of the Niger River valley prior to the European takeover in the nineteenth century . The Songhai Empire

African Empires 16th C Kingdom of Songhai dominated most of western Africa Under Muslim rule city of Tombouctou in modern day Mali Great commercial center & cultural center Major university Declined in 1591 with Morocan forces seizing the city and taking control of the gold trade

Timbuktu Great Sankore mosque Library University
Scholars, Jurists, Theologians Book symbolized the Islamic world Book trade, most lucrative Business in Timbuktu A cosmopolitan court life developed as merchants and scholars were attracted by the power and protection of Mali. Mandinka traders ranged across the Sudan and exploited their positions as intermediaries. Port cities flourished such as Jenne and Timbuktu also on the Niger River. With a population of 50,000 by the 14th C, the Great Sankore Mosque contained a library and an associated university where scholars, jurists, and Muslim Theologians studies. The book was the symbol of civilization in the Islamic world, and it was said that the book trade in Timbuktu was the most lucrative business. Rise of European Influence 11th C Africa south of the Sahara experienced influx of newcomers Islamic Arabicized North Africa Western Asia 16th C Europeans engaging in active trade Mainly Europeans who began shipping slaves 1870s Penetration of European Imperialism of African interior greatly accelerated For almost a Millennium, catholic Europe had been confine to one area, its attempt to expand through the crusades had failed. Europe's contact with non-European civilizations had been limited until the 15th C. While European had been attracted to the wealth and spices from the east for some time, exploration in search of those riches did not begin in earnest until after the late 13th Century. In 1271 Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, merchants from Venice along with Nicolos son, Marco, visited the court of Mongol Ruler Khubilai Khan. As ambassador of Khan, Marco traveled to Japan among returning to Italy only 24 years later. His account of his travels, “Travels” is the most descriptive and informative of Asia by medieval European travelers. For most people life centered on the agricultural cycle and the village (80%)

The Portuguese Maritime Empire
Focus Question: Why were the Portuguese so successful in taking over the spice Trade? Identifications: God, Glory and Gold Vasco De Gama Crusading Mentality Alfonso de Albuquerque Technological Exchange Prince Henry Institutions of Conquest Gold Coast

“God, Glory and Gold” Motives for European Exploration
Rise of Capitalism in Europe Sought precious metals, spices and spheres of influence for trade Conversions (justification?) Crusading mentality Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal and Hernan Cortes of Spain “God, Glory and Gold” Motives for Travel: Economic: Renaissance Europe is marked by expansion and the rise of capitalism. Elite of Europe sought precious metals, new areas of trade and spices. Though they had access to such spices, they were an expensive luxury item enjoyed by few. Another motive or justification in many cases was to Serve God and seek converts. The Europeans who embarked on exploratory and military expeditions went with an intense religious zeal, a crusading mentality developed over centuries of crusades. Prince Henry of Portugal as well as Hernan Cortes of Spain represented both desires to expand their wealth and their monarchies religious influence. 14

Crusades & Crusading Mentality
1,000’s of years of invasion for commercial interest 711 Moors defeat last Gothic/Christian King Muslim Contributions to Europe – Cordoba, Spain The Moors – heirs of the accumulated wealth of the ancient meditteranean and Eastern worlds enriched this heritage with their own contributions to the science, arts and letters. The Capital of Cordoba became the economic and intellectual showplace from which fresh knowledge and ideas flowed into Christian lands. Though tolerant to other religions and ethnic groups, were not immune to their own political and religious feuds among themselves, thus allowing petty Christian kingdoms to grow and strength and launch an advance against Muslim rule.

Crusades Crusades beginning in 1095 beginning years of struggle Crusades – series of military campaigns waged by Christians Land & Labor Crusading Mentality Valued war Valued accumulated wealth Sense of Religious superiority Sense of Religious Mission The Reconquest Began as a struggle of Christian Kings and nobles to regain their lost lands and serfs, only later did it assume the character of a crusade years of struggle created a Castilian way of life that created a large class of warrior nobles who regarded manual labor with contempt . Values included military virtues of courage, endurance and Honor. The lure of plunder, land and other rewards drew many peasants and artisans into the armies of recon quest. A crusading mentality developed that not only valued war and wealth but added a strong sense of religious superiority and mission.

Crusades Mentality Crusades Mentality
Begin to identify expansion with conquest of peoples rather than trade Led exploration over seas formed the rationalization for conquest and invaders assumed an innate and absolute superiority over all other people because of divine endowment The Crusading Castilians took the lead in expelling Moors from the Iberian Peninsula and began to identify expansion with conquest of peoples rather than with trade and took the lead with expansion over seas Religion became the tool of conquest, crusades established the principle that war conducted in the interests of the holy church was automatically just, this doctrine that originated to sanctify the conquest of thee holy land expanded to justify the conquest of the world 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella completed the reconquest of Spain by taking Granada – the last out post of Islam on the Iberian Peninsula Development of Crusading mentality Humanists or renaissance Europe demarcated a difference between pagan cultures and Christian values of he middle ages. They developed a strong sense of history while having become accustomed to dealing with Moslem infidels whole they regarded as terribly alien but whose monotheistic beliefs were not all that different Crusading mentality taken to the Americas, Christians had difficulty understanding how Indians existed, not mentioned in the bible Different groups rationalized their existence Pagans/heathens vs. Christian values of middle ages Overseas – momentum through slavery, starvation, rape and murder Who were natives? 10 lost tribes Animals without souls

Technological Exchange allowed for European travel
1. New Map technology Cartography: 15th C took into account the curvature of the earth Portolani: detailed charts made buy medieval navigators and mathematicians, 13th/14th C

2. Sea worthy Ships or Caravels Sternpost Rudder (Chinese)
Lateen Sails with a square rig European Warships During the Age of Exploration Prior to the fifteenth century, most European ships were either small craft with triangular, lateen sails used in the Mediterranean or slow, unwieldy square-rigged vessels operating in the North Atlantic. By the sixteenth century, European naval architects began to build caravels (above), ships that combined the maneuverability and speed offered by lateen sails (widely used by sailors in the Indian Ocean) with the carrying capacity and seaworthiness of the square-riggers. For a century, caravels were the feared ‘‘raiders of the oceans.’’ © The Art Archive/Museo de la Torre del Oro, Seville/Gianni Dagli Orti

3. Navigational techniques Compass (Chinese), Astrolabe (Arab),
Knowledge of Wind Patterns European Warships During the Age of Exploration Eventually, as naval technology progressed, European warships developed in size and firepower, as the illustration of Portuguese carracks above shows. © The Art Archive/Marine Museum, Lisbon/Gianni Dagli Orti

Portuguese in Africa Led European expansion Prince Henry of Portugal
His Objectives: Find Christian kingdom to ally against Islam Expand Trade Expand Christianity Portugal took the lead in exploring the Coast of Africa under Prince Henry of Portugal. His 3 objectives: finding a Christian kingdom to ally against he Muslims, expand trade and Christianity.

Trade in Humans 1441 Portuguese ships reached the Senegal River
Exported first human cargo to Lisboa 1443, 1,000 people were being enslaved Circumvented the traditional trans-Saharan slave route from central Africa to the Mediterranean 1441 the first Portuguese ships reached the Senegal river, north of cape Verde and brought back the first human cargo, opening what would become the trans Atlantic African slave trade. By ,0000 people were being enslaved and shipped to Lisbon. They had circumvented the traditional trans Saharan slave route from central Africa to the Mediterranean.

Ivory Mask from Benin 1471 New source of gold “Gold Coast”
Contact with Bakongo state – Congo river State of Benin – inland Trade in gold, ivory and humans 15th C Benin grew powerful 1471 they discovered a new source of gold along the southern coast of the hump of west Africa, the gold coast, established contact with the state of Bakongo, mouth of Congo River in Central Africa and with the inland state of Benin, north of the Gold Coast. To facilitate trade in gold, ivory and slaves. They lease land from local ruler and built slave factories along the coast. Photograph: By the end of the fifteenth century, the West African state of Benin had developed into an extensive and powerful empire enjoying trade with many of its neighbors, as well as with the state of Portugal. With the latter it traded ivory, forest products, and slaves in exchange for textiles and other European manufactured goods. This life-size ivory mask was probably intended to be worn by the king of Benin as a belt ornament in a gesture of gratitude to his mother, who had allegedly used her magical powers to help defeat his enemies. On the crest of the crown are carvings of Portuguese figures, providing one of the first examples in African art of the new trade relationship between that continent and Europe. Ivory Mask from Benin © British Museum, London/HIP/Art Resource, NY

Portuguese in India Maritime Contact Objectives
1487 Captain Bartolomeu Dias sailed to the Cape of Good Hope 1497 Vasco De gama stopped at Muslim ports of Sofala, Kilwa and Mombasa Continued through the Arabian Sea Arrived in Calicut, India Objectives Destroy Muslim monopoly over spice trade Calicut major hub of spice trade The Portuguese in India: 1487 Portuguese sea captain Bartolomeu Dias sought a route to Indian around southern Africa. He turned around after reaching the Cape of Good Hope. In 1497 Vasco De Gama took the same route and after stopping at Muslim ports of Sofala, Kilwa and Mombasa continued on across the Arabian Sea and arrived in Calicut, India. The objective of Gamas voyage was to destroy the Muslim monopoly over the spice trade, Calicut was a major location within that monopoly. (ginger and cinnamon) 24

Mombasa, a port city on the eastern coast of Africa, was a jumping-off point for the Portuguese as they explored the lands bordering the Indian Ocean. Erected in the early sixteenth century atop a bluff overlooking the harbor, Fort Jesus remained an imposing symbol of European power until 1698, when the Portuguese were expelled by the Arabs. On the walls of the fort, Portuguese soldiers drew graffiti of caravels in the harbor (above) while the fort was under siege by Arab forces; perhaps they were dreaming of an escape to their faraway home. Fort Jesus at Mombasa © William J. Duiker

The port of Calicut, India, in the mid-1500s
Began the European takeover of existing trade routes Began colonization Of Africa, Asia, and the Americas When The Portuguese fleet arrived in Calicut (today's Kozhikode) in 1498 fleet commander Vasco De Gama ordered a landing party to go ashore to contact the local authorities, he met people who practices a form of Hinduism, and although they were not Christian, both were interested in trade. This voyage to Indian inaugurated an extended period of European expansion into Asia led by merchants and missionaries. Eventually this resulted in a western takeover of existing trade routes in the Indian ocean and European colonization of Asia, Africa and Latin America. The Chinese, Africans had been traveling for centuries at this point. The port of Calicut, India, in the mid-1500s © Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works

The Spice Islands 15th C Portuguese
Seized control of spice Trade from Muslim Merchants 1511 Afonso de Albuquerque Gained control of Malacca Massacred local Arab Population Institutions of Conquest: Forts Factory Church Notable brutality Search for Spices: 1510 Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque established his headquarters at Goa, in western coast of India (present day Mumbai/Bombay) They raided and killed Arab shippers and in 1511 raided Malacca. Control of Malacca would help in the destruction of the Arab spice trade network by blocking passage through the strait of Malacca and provide the Portuguese with a way station en route to the spice islands. Through their characteristic brutality they seized the city and put the Arab population to the sword and began establishing what would become their traditional forms of conquest: Presidio or fort, a factory or warehouse and a church. By the mid 1500s they had seized control of the spice trade from Muslims with their private navy and state funding (guns and seamanship was the advantage) The Spice Islands

European Voyages and Possessions in the 16th & 17th C
This map indicates the most important voyages launched by Europeans during their momentous Age of Exploration in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Spain’s Challenge to Portuguese Expansion
Identifications: Treaty of Tordesillas Cortez, the Tlaxcalans & Monteczuma Columbus, Arawak/Taino & De Las Casas Institutions of conquest Pizarro and Inca Atahualpa

Empire Building Pope Nicholas V, 1452 – Bull Romanus Pontifex “to capture & Vanquish and subdue the Saracens, pagans & other enemies of Christ, to put them into perpetual slavery & to take all their possessions & property” Declared war against all non Christians, Sanctified slavery and exploitation Promoted conquest & exploitation of people and their land Canary Islands s extermination of Guanches In 1452 Pope Nicolas V issued to King Alfonso of Portugal the Bull Romanus Pontifex that declared war against all non Christians throughout the world specifically sanctifying and promoting conquest and colonization and exploitation of non Christian nations and their territories. “capture and vanquish and subdue the Saracens, pagans and other enemies of Christ to put them into perpetual slavery and to take all their possessions and property” The Spanish Kingdom of Castile sent first settlers to the Canary Islands after 1400, and by the 1490s they had virtually exterminated the inhabitants or Guanches

Intercaeteras 1493 Pope Alexander VI issued a Bull, Intercaeteras t
dividing all non Christian lands between Spain and Portugal. Castile – exclusive right acquire territory, trade west of the meridian t

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas –
adjusted line lands in Western Hemisphere, Philippines, Portugal, Brazil, African Coast, Caribbean The Conquistadores continued to Aztec and Inca Empires and turned exploration into rival empires of permanent settlement

Bull Intercaeteras & Treaty of Tordesillas
1493 Pope Alexander VI issued a Bull, Intercaeteras dividing all non Christian lands between Spain and Portugal. Castile – exclusive right acquire territory, trade west of the meridian 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas – adjusted line lands in Western Hemisphere, Philippines, Portugal, Brazil, African Coast, Caribbean The Conquistadores continued to Aztec and Inca Empires and turned exploration into rival empires of permanent settlement Westward Adjustment of 810 Miles of Original Line 1493 1494 Western Hemisphere from Mexico South becomes Spanish “Sphere of Influence”

Basis for Conquest: European Legalisms
Vacuum domicilium Duty to civilize and convert people and land from “useless wilderness” to “Useful garden” in the name of god, the right to vacant land Right of Conquest/Discovery Right of Christians to take possession of lands not Christian by force of arms Papal Bull Charter, patent, decree by the Pope

Institutions of Conquest
Enslavement & Exploitation Mission System (Presidio, pueblo, Missions, Rancho) Encomienda – Number of Indians entrusted to an encomendero for labor civilization and Christianization uprooted to work and die in the mines, plantations and public works Spaniards exploited native labor and land in order to benefit themselves and Spain, stealing fold, silver and other raw materials and enslaving peoples and killing them through punishments and excessive work. . most cared little to re-settle but to accumulate wealth and return to Spain. Encomienda – Number of Indians entrusted to an encomendero for labor who in return for labor would receive civilization and Christianization – uprooted to work and die in the mines, plantations and public works Spanish institutions included Presidio Pueblos Missions Encomiendas (specific number of Indians entrusted to a encomendero for labor who in return for labor would receive “civilization and Christianization”. They were uprooted and forced to work in mines, plantations and public works The enslavement, torture and mutilation, starvation and disease, decimated native peoples.

Columbus Christopher Columbus has recently become a controversial figure in world history. Why do you think this is so, and how would you evaluate his contribution to the modern world? Heroification Motives Impact on Taino/Arawak Four Voyages Reveal to Europe the Caribbean and Central/South America A navigator from Genoa he sought to benefit from Granadas victory, he had engaged in the African transatlantic slave trade and sought to reach Asia by ship across the Atlantic Motive were religious and practical – as the “Christ bearer” he was convinced he had a role to play in bringing in the Millennium or return of Jesus and sought wealth and glory along the way He under calculated his journey by about 10,000 miles and reached San Salvador or Watling Island in the Bahamas, convinced that he had reached Asia. He left a crew at Hispaniola and when he returned in 1493 on his 2nd voyage he found that the Tainos/Arawaks had killed every man left Unliked and untrusted by the colonists, after three or more voyages, they shipped him back in chains to Spain in 1500 when he died bitter and disappointed in 1506 Overseas development acquired momentum through slavery, starvation, rape and murder, gold mining, the Spanish virtually exterminated the Tainos

Massacre of the Indians
This sixteenth-century engraving is an imaginative treatment of what was probably an all-too common occurrence as the Spanish attempted to enslave the American peoples and convert them to Christianity. Massacre of the Indians Collections of the Library of Congress, USA

Taino/Arawak Population of today’s Haiti
At Contact, 8,000,000 +/- Traditional texts count 100,000 to one million Today ,000,000 +/- Following Spanish Colonization, within the first 10 years 1570: Population reduced to 100’s 1600: Population 0

Bartholome De Las cases
Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies First protests against the excesses of European colonization Argued against the legalism’s that conferred upon the Castilian crown the right to exploit the labor and resources of the indigenous peoples of Americas Behavior of colonists gave reasons for Christianity to be loathed and abominated by people

European Settlements in the West Indies
After the first voyage of Christopher Columbus, other European adventurers followed on his trail, seeking their share of the alleged riches of the Americas. European Settlements in the West Indies

The Arrival of Herna´n Corte´s in Mexico

Mayan City – Pre-Aztec

New World Exploits: Mesoamerica
Aztec Empire Cortez entered Tenochtitlan in 1519 Montezuma held prisoner Disease & Tlaxcalans Mexico – Cortez entered Tenochtitlan in 1519 and seized Montezuma, the Aztec Ruler held him prisoner and hostage. Aztecs rose against the intruders who began destroying religious symbols and replacing them with catholic symbols, drove them out until their European diseases weakened their resistance and began killing Aztecs by the thousands. A year later, Cortez, with the assistance of the people of the Tlaxcalans destroyed Tenochtitlan and established themselves as the new imperial rulers looting Mesoamerica for gold and silver.

Aztec Court

Tenochtitlan

Cortez meets with Monteczuma

Cortez & Tlaxcalans

The Spaniards Conquer a New World
The perspective that the Spanish brought to their first arrival in the Americas was quite different from that of the indigenous peoples. In the European painting shown above, the encounter was a peaceful one, and the upturned eyes of Columbus and his fellow voyagers imply that their motives were spiritual rather than material. The Spaniards Conquer a New World Copyright © North Wind Picture Archives

The Spaniards Conquer a New World
The perspective that the Spanish brought to their first arrival in the Americas was quite different from that of the indigenous peoples. The image above, drawn by an Aztec artist, expresses a dramatically different point of view, as the Spanish invaders, assisted by their Indian allies, use superior weapons against the bows and arrows of their adversaries to bring about the conquest of Mexico. The Spaniards Conquer a New World © Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY

New World Exploits: Andes
Inca Empire 8-12 million people of Inca Empire Advanced in city planning, sciences, agriculture, art… Cotton Textiles pre-date fertile crescent 1531 Francisco Pizarro enters Cuzco Inca Atahualpa Disease major factor in down fall 1. Andes: Canal system, irrigation and agriculture 2-3 times more productive and sustainable than modern technology. Paracas- earliest known cotton woven textiles in the world, rivals the fertile crescent. Incan Empire with center in Cuzco bound together by intricate system of highways and roads and suspension bridges – 8-12 million people. Incorporated people into its empires by gift giving and offer of protection. Mesoamerican – Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, 3. North American mound builders, 4. Urban cultures of the Southwest In 1531 Francisco Pizarro found The Incan empire and located the center in Cuzco, with the scourge of small pox that preceded him, killed the reigning Inca and began a civil war that ended with Atahualpa becoming Inca. Despite his ransom, Pizarro had him killed anyway. 10,000s of Inca held out until subdued by the Spanish who established Lima as the new capital on the coast.

Impact of European Expansion
Focus Questions: What were some of the Consequences of the arrival of the European Traders and Missionaries for the peoples of Asia and the Americas?

Impact of European Expansion
Identifications: Genocide Eurocentric perspective Columbian Exchange The Rise of Capitalism

Impact Disease Indigenous population decline
Perpetuation of Eurocentric perspective White/European superiority complex Gold and silver exports from the Americas quadrupled imports into Europe between 1503 – 1650 Price revolution and economic revolution in Spanish economy Creation of 1st and 3rd worlds

Demographic Impact of Contact
1492: million people in western hemisphere Epidemic Disease killed 65% - 100% of populations Traditions and cultures, varied widely among American peoples: egalitarian lifestyles, women equal positions or equal worth. Discuss economies, land use rights, non-capitalistic (barter and trade societies) By Columbus there were upwards of million people in the western hemisphere. The valley of mexico was one of the most densely populated regions on earth. 10 million in Canada and US, million lived in mexico million people lived in central and south America by right of discovery and right of conquest Spaniard claimed the right to control the lands and people of any regions they were colonizing, demanding other European nations not intervene. Spaniards overran lands long settle by American Indians, refusing to recognize native sovereignty, land rights or resources, or freedom of religion. Epidemic diseases kill up to 100% of some tribal populations In North America, disease kills 65% of ALL Native people in North America In South/Central America: European cultigens and animals destroy North American flora and fauna

The “Columbian Exchange”
New World gets: Diseases: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, tuberculosis, small pox, measles, chicken pox, cholera, influenza, typhus Plants: mainly cultigens (weeds), citrus fruits, grapes, wheat Animals: pigs, horses, sheep, cattle, goats and rats New World gives: Diseases: syphilis (debated) Plants: corn, beans, squash, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco… Animals: turkey Syphilis originated in the Americas and Europeans took it back home with them. The skin rash that originated in the Americas has symptoms of the VD Rash all over body Did not affect the genitals Was not sexually transmitted Treated and cured with Oregon Grape & Salal

Patterns of World Trade Between 1500 and 1800
This map shows the major products that were traded by European merchants throughout the world during the era of European exploration. Patterns of World Trade Between 1500 and 1800

Manioc, Cassava or Yucca Food for the Millions
One of the plants native to the Americas that European adventurers would take back to the Old World was manioc (also known as cassava or yuca). A tuber like the potato, manioc is a prolific crop that grows well in poor, dry soils, but it lacks the high nutrient value of grain crops such as wheat and rice and for that reason never became popular in Europe (except as a source of tapioca). It was introduced to Africa in the seventeenth century and eventually became a staple food for up to one-third of the population of that continent. Shown here is a manioc plant growing in East Africa. One of the plants native to the Americas that European adventurers would take back to the Old World was manioc (also known as cassava or yuca). A tuber like the potato, manioc is a prolific crop that grows well in poor, dry soils, but it lacks the high nutrient value of grain crops such as wheat and rice and for that reason never became popular in Europe (except as a source of tapioca). It was introduced to Africa in the seventeenth century and eventually became a staple food for up to one-third of the population of that continent. Here a Brazilian farmer on the Amazon River sifts peeled lengths of manioc into fine grains that will be dried into flour. Manioc, Cassava or Yucca Food for the Millions © William J. Duiker

The Rise of Capitalism Sugar, dyes, cotton, vanilla, hides, potatoes, cacao, corn, manioc, Tobacco, Spices, jewels, silk, carpets, ivory, leather, perfumes influenced the economy, trade and diet of Europe played a crucial role in the rise of commercial capitalism and the modern global economy Increased European imperial rivalry English and Dutch began challenging Iberian power

Africa In Transition Focus Question:
What were the main features of the African Slave trade, and what effects did European participation have on traditional African practices?

Africa In Transition Identifications: East Indian Company
Dutch East Indian Company Impact and Rationalization of Chattel slavery African Intermediaries Middle Passage Boers & Afrikaans Francisco de Almeida Shona Mozambique Mwene Metapa

Imperial Rivalries Imperial challenges to Portugal
Spain acquired the Philippines following the voyages of Ferdinand Magellan in 1529 England sent the first expedition to the Indies in 1591 1600 the (English) East Indian Company Began expanding Influence Dutch arrived in Indian 1595 1621 established the Dutch East India Company Challenged Portuguese and English possessions Spain began challenging Portuguese influence in Asia by the 1520s. Acquiring the Philippines for Spain following Ferdinand Magellan's voyages by 1529. The primary threat to Portugal was the English and Dutch. In 1591 the first English expedition to the indies through the Indian ocean arrived in London with a cargo of pepper. 9 years later a private joint stock company, the East Indian Company provided a stable source of capital for voyages and by 1608 the English began expanding influence throughout regions in South east Asia beginning with Seurat off the northwestern coast of India The Dutch first arrived In India in 1595 and the Dutch East Indian Company established by government investments in 1602 began challenging the English and Portuguese influences. In the Americas, the Dutch , French, and English began threatening Spanish and Portuguese influence and possessions. Portugal established a colonial empire in Brazil and a formal administrative system by based on a plantation economy, dependent on their sugar exports to Europe. The Spanish Established an empire in South America, declining my important as a commercial power by the 17th C. The Dutch West Indian Company was founded in 1621 to compete with Spain and Portugal in the Americas: Brazil, Caribbean, Mainland colony of New Netherland (mouth of Hudson river to Albany New York) French founded colonies southern U.S., great lakes area…etc. By the mid 1700s due to the colonial wars, the Dutch commercial empire came to an end in the Americas. New Netherland became New York and the Dutch west Indian went bankrupt. English made the greatest advances along the eastern seaboard, Massachusetts colony began with 4,000 in the early years but 40,000 by 1660. 61

Portuguese in Africa Francisco de Almeida
East African Port cities: Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa Built forts along the coast Take monopoly on gold trade away from the Shona people of Zimbabwe under the dynasty of Mwene Metapa 1561 opened treaty relations Jesuit priests posted to court Land grants expanded influence Resulted in Colony of Mozambique The Portuguese in Africa: A Portuguese fleet commanded by Francisco de almeida seized a number of Eat African port cities, including Kilwa, Sofala and Mombasa. And built forts along the coast to control trade in the area. They sought to Monopolize the gold trade mined by Bantu workers in the upper Zambezi river and shipped to sofala. For centuries the gold trade had been monopolized by bantu speaking Shona people at Zimbabwe, 15th C under control of a Shona dynasty known as Mwene Metapa. In 1561 Portuguese arrived opening treaty relations with Mwene Metapa and Jesuit priests were posted to court. The Portuguese increased their influence through land grants and began establishing the colony of Mozambique by the 16th C. By the late 17th C, a vassal of Metapa drove the Portuguese from the area and indigenous leadership maintained control of the area for another 200 years. 62

Challenges to Portuguese Expansion
English Expansion into Southeast Asia beginning in 1591 East Indian Company (est. 1600) Joint stock company provided stable source of capital for voyages Dutch Dutch East India Co. (Est. 1602) Seized control of Malacca from Portugal by 1641

Dutch in South Africa Dutch arrived in South Africa Dutch Boers
1652 established a way station a the Cape of Good Hope Base for fleets in Route to the East Indies Dutch Boers Afrikaans Threatened African and Portuguese control Hegemony until 1992 The Dutch in South Africa: The first Europeans in South Africa to re settle was the Dutch. In 1652 they set up a way station at the cape of good hope to serve as a base for their entire fleets en route to the east indies. It soon developed into a permanent colony that would control the majority African population legally until Dutch Farmers or Boers spoke a Dutch dialect that developed into Afrikaans. They threatened both African indigenous control and Portuguese footholds in Africa through the 17th C and beyond.

The Slave trade African Slavery Mali & Songhai Middle East Portuguese
Captured in war Agricultural labor locally Middle East Domestic Servants Portuguese Initially Africans replaced previously European slaves for the Portuguese as Domestic servants for affluent families Arabic Slavery Traditional Songhai State Matrilineal societies, recognized role of women in kinship Under Islam Women continued to enjoy previous freedom Impact of Arab-Afrcian Slavery on women domestics, laborers, soldiers and administrators, eunuchs and concubines, Children freed and integrated into society but that also meant a constant demand for slaves. Not Hereditary The trade extended over 700 years and is estimated 4.8 – 6 million. The traffic in slaves existed for centuries. The west African kingdoms of Mali and Songhai routinely used slaves as agricultural laborers, captured in battle. In east Africa and the upper Nile valley slavery had been practiced throughout ancient times. The primary market for slaves had been the middle east where Africans were used for domestic servants. In Europe slaves were used as well. At first the Portuguese replaced European slaves with African slaves. Initially they were taken to be used as domestic servant for affluent families throughout Europe. The discovery of the Americas and rise of sugar plantations throughout changed the nature of previous servitude.

Trans Atlantic Slavery
1450 – Portuguese Slave Factories Madeira Islands, Azores, Cape Verde, Sao Tome West & Central Africa Malian Empire in decline by 1550 200 warring states Agricultural population, skilled craftsmen Acquired by Portuguese raiding villages, later through African warring West Africa – agricultural population with skilled craftsman. Last great empire of Mali fell into decline by Portuguese founded offshore colonies, the Madeira Islands, Azores, occupied cape Verde and Sao Tome during the 1400s. Used slave labor for sugar and wine plantations. After 1450 established factories alone the coast and offshore islands acquiring slaves by attacking villages and later through rulers who waged war on others. Once Africans learned the cruelty of European slavery, characterized by endless toil to produce staple crops, inherited position, chattel conditions, to lucrative to stop, and those people such as the rulers of the Congo and then the Christian Kingdom of Benin, became victims when they began to protest the trade. Portuguese profited by exploiting rivalries of 200 small state of west and central Africa – no universal language, culture or religion tied them together. Especially Muslim vs. Christian rivalries

Mombasa, a port city on the eastern coast of Africa, was a jumping-off point for the Portuguese as they explored the lands bordering the Indian Ocean. Erected in the early sixteenth century atop a bluff overlooking the harbor, Fort Jesus (above) remained an imposing symbol of European power until 1698, when the Portuguese were expelled by the Arabs. Fort Jesus at Mombasa © William J. Duiker

200 warring African States
Factories/colonies of Madeira Islands, Azores, cape Verde and Sao Tome after 1450s Slave labor for sugar and wine production

Birth of Trans Atlantic African Slavery
Middle Passage Journey from Africa to the Americas 1/3 of those enslaved died en route Conditions, disease, malnourishment, suicide, infanticide 20% children Majority of enslaved were male 1518, First enslaved Africans shipped by the Spanish to the Americas In 1518 the first Africans were shipped by the Spanish to the Americas The journey from Africa to the Americas resulted in up to 1/3 of the population exported dying enroute due to conditions, disease, malnourishment and the psychological impact. Some reduced the losses by 10% throughout the centuries.

Slave Traders Traditionally enslaved peoples were those captured in war or had inherited their status European demand increased, local African slave traders began moving inland and kidnapping people from villages. African Intermediaries (private merchants, local elites and trading state monopolies) active in acquiring more enslaved peoples, dictating price, volume and availability of slaves to European purchasers)

Of the twelve million slaves shipped from Africa to other parts of the world, a good number passed through this doorway on Gore´e (above), a small island in a bay just off the coast of Senegal, near Cape Verde. Beginning in the sixteenth century, European traders began to ship Africans from this region to the Americas to be used as slave labor on sugar plantations. Some victims were kept in a prison on the island, which was first occupied by the Portuguese and later by the Dutch, the British, and the French. Gore´e also served as an entrepoˆt and a source of supplies for ships passing along the western coast of Africa. Gore’e off the coast of Senegal, near Cape Verde was a gateway to slavery. 12 million Africans were shipped to all parts of the world by the Portuguese, Dutch, British and French © William J. Duiker

Sugar cultivation throughout the Americas fueled the rise of the
The sign by the doorway reads, ‘‘From this door, they would embark on a voyage with no return, eyes fixed on an infinity of suffering.’’ Sugar cultivation throughout the Americas fueled the rise of the European Trans Atlantic Chattel slavery system Of the twelve million slaves shipped from Africa to other parts of the world, a good number passed through this doorway (left) on Gore´e, a small island in a bay just off the coast of Senegal, near Cape Verde. Beginning in the sixteenth century, European traders began to ship Africans from this region to the Americas to be used as slave labor on sugar plantations. © William J. Duiker

Growth of Slavery 16th C 275,000 people exported, 2/3 to the Americas
1,000/year to colonies 17th C >million people exported 20,000/year to Colonies 18th C >6 million people exported 60,000/year to Colonies/America 16Th C – 19Th C 21 million taken 12 million people exported Growth of the slave trade: over the next two centuries Africans were enslaved and forced to immigrate all over the world. IN the 16th Centre it is estimated that 275,000 were exported, 2/3 of them to the Americas. 17th C over a million exported, 18th C over six million. By 19th C an attempt to end the trade was attempted by Britain and other countries. Between 16th and 19th C over 10 million people exported to the Americas alone. Death rates in the Americas, due to immunities of yellow fever and other tropical disease Africans succumbed to disease every 30 in 1,000 where Europeans died 125 in every 1,000. Sources of Slaves:

17th C The Slave Trade routes
Beginning in the sixteenth century, the trade in African slaves to the Americas became a major source of profit to European merchants. This map traces the routes taken by slave-trading ships, as well as the territories and ports of call of European powers in the seventeenth century. 17th C The Slave Trade routes

Rationalization Traders carried on an ancient tradition that had existed in the Mediterranean and African world Exposed “savages” to Christianity Would be able to replace Indian workers with African (mortality and destruction of indigenous peoples) De Las Casas Rationalization: Traders carried on an ancient tradition that had existed in the med and African world Exposed “savages” to Christianity Would be able to replace Indian workers with African (mortality and destruction of indigenous peoples)

European Chattel Slavery
Endless toil to produce staple crops Inherited position Chattel conditions Inhumane status, rape & torture Rulers of the Congo & Christian Kingdom of Benin – tried to end cruelty of European enslavement became victims when they began to protest the trade

Impact of African Enslavement
Depopulation in some regions: modern day Angola and East Africa Political and Social Structures on a changing continent: Western economic penetration of Africa – dislocating effects: Importation of manufactured goods from Europe undermined the foundations of local cottage industries and impoverished families

Impact Demand for slaves and introduction of firearms intensified political instability and civil strife Weakening of Songhai trade empire and eventual conquest by Morocco Competition and civil strife between introduced religions Islam and later Christianity and traditional traditions In West Africa: decline and collapse of Mwene Metapa

A French Pepper Plantation Southern India
During the Age of Exploration, pepper was one of the most sought-after spices by European adventurers. Unlike cloves and nutmeg, it was found elsewhere in Asia as well as in the Indonesian archipelago. Shown here is a French pepper plantation in southern India. Eventually, the French were driven out of the Indian subcontinent by the British and retained only a few tiny enclaves along the coast. A French Pepper Plantation Southern India One of the most sought after spices found in Asia and Indonesia © The Art Archive/Bibliothe`que Nationale, Paris

The Rise of the West Imperial Rivalries for control of the Spice trade: Portuguese, Spain, Dutch, English and French Dutch East India Company consolidated military and political power over spice trade in Indonesia by 18th C The Mainland resisted encroachment Burma, Thailand, Vietnam

Emergence of a New World

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