1. AKA: LA BELLE EPOCH, AGE OF “MASS SOCIETY” AND AGE OF OPTIMISM AND DESPAIR CHAPTERS 25 AND 26 Age of Nationalism Events of the Late Nineteenth Century

2. What happened by 1850 (or so)? “Continental” industrialization came of age Britain still led in the production of iron and manufacturing Markets expanded with the opening of waterways  Trade treaties in the 1860’s eliminated tolls on major river systems (Danube, Rhine)  Suez Canal linked the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean  Germany had established the “zollverein” The ideas of Marx and Engels had been absorbed by many French and British trade unionists who created the “First International”, a working-class movement organized along socialist lines

3. (continued) Advances in science include thermodynamics, the periodic table and advances in electromagnetic induction (precursor to electricity) Increasing secularism, as evident in the movement known as “materialism” Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection and The Decent of Man Louis Pasteur experimented with germs, Joseph Lister developed antiseptics and chloroform helped in surgical operations Medical schools developed, many eventually accepting women A shift from Romanticism to Realism “Mass Society” emerged

4. The Growth of Prosperity – Age of Optimism New industries, new goods, new sources of energy and new prosperity led Europeans to believe that technology and science could solve all human problems The new urban and industrial world created changes that led to a new mass society, which meant improvements in the standard of living for the lower classes. New work patterns established the “weekend” and more time for leisure activities, including sports and amusement parks where social classes intermingled

5. (continued) Mass society saw the role of government change as it became more involved in public health and housing issues, especially in the cities Democracy expanded the right to vote to all adult males, though women will still continue to fight for political rights

6. Improved Standard of Living Wages on average will almost double in the late 19 th century However, poverty will exist and there was a growing gap between rich and poor Wealthy elite made up 5% of the population and controlled 40-50% of its wealth

7. Lower Classes Made up 80% of the population Many are landowning peasants, laborers and sharecroppers, more so in Eastern than Western Europe Peasants came into contact with other classes as a result of military conscription. New public elementary schools forced children to learn national loyalties and the national language Urban working class included skilled, semiskilled and unskilled laborers. Unskilled laborers make up the bottom of the lower class Improvements in wages, a decrease in product costs and improved cities helped improve the conditions of the working classes. They could now afford other items besides just food, and they had more leisure time as a result of collective bargaining for better wages and hours

8. “The Woman Question” Used to describe the debate on the role of women, society tried to answer the question on whether women should work outside of the home Women remained legally inferior, economically dependent, and defined by domestic roles; a traditional characterization of women which was due to industrialization, and still persists today The practice of having the man go out of the home to work with pay and women playing a domestic role with no pay (“separate spheres”) was rare among working lower classes

9. Marriage and Family Marriage was seen as the only honorable profession available to women Middle class values glorified domesticity For most women, marriage was an economic necessity. Lack of meaningful, well-paid work for women gave them little choice in the matter Birthrates, which had grown up to 1870, dropped significantly. Causes include:  Development of new birth control methods  Too a large degree – attitudes changed. More information about birth control became available, despite persecution  Despite persecution, family planning was encouraged to help reduce poverty in the lower classes, however it was also practiced by middle class families

10. Migration Encouraged by:  Population pressure (fewer deaths again due to urban improvements and science)  Opening economic and social opportunities abroad  Cheaper land abroad  Minority persecution (Jews and others that did not meet the new “national ideal”)

11. Who Moved and Where Did They Go? Who:  Most often a small peasant landowner or village craftsman losing business to large industry  Skilled, technical workers  those in the minority Where:  U.S., Russia, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand

12. White Man’s Burden European ethnocentric attitudes encouraged by Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest) Created the “need” to “civilize” the barbarians and convert them to Christianity The idea that it is the responsibility of white humans to help the underprivileged (non-white) people

13. Imperialism in Africa The vast interior of Africa held little European interest prior to this period (why?) Between 1807 and 1820, most Europeans abolished the slave trade (does that mean no slavery at all? Also – why now?) As slave trade ends, Europeans turn their greedy eyes to the second most valuable resource from Africa – the land itself (ironic, isn’t it?)

14. South Africa: Gold, Diamonds and… a British Crown? Prior to the 1860’s, Africa used mainly for shipping and military reasons (coastal presence) 1795 – British seized Cape Town from the South African Dutch (aka, Boers or Afrikaners) who trek northeast into the interior Boer War (1899-1902) was fought after they (the Dutch) discover diamonds and gold. The British won and establish a colony in which only white males could vote Educated South Africans organize the “African National Congress” (sound familiar?)

15. Another Part of Africa: Egypt Muhammed Ali (not the same guy) defeated the French and the Ottomans in 1805, though technically still part of the Ottoman Empire Ali industrialized Egypt and expanded agriculture toward cotton (why cotton?) Subsequent rulers worked with the French and completed the Suez Canal in 1869 (what two bodies of water were linked?)

16. WAIT – WEREN’T WE JUST TALKING ABOUT EGYPT AND THE FRENCH? Egypt: The New British Colony

17. TO OTHER PARTS OF NORTH AFRICA, PARTICULARLY NIGERIA, ALONG WITH A NEWLY-UNIFIED ITALY Where Did the French Go?

18. Africa: Divide and Conquer 1884 – Otto von Bismarck hosted a conference in Berlin and Europeans set up colonization rights and boundaries in Africa Within 3 decades, almost all of Africa was colonized by European countries (Which ones? Take a guess, you’re probably right)

21. Wait, There's More… Boundary lines not drawn according to African history – disputes further encourage disunity among Africans Traditional African culture fell into decline as European schools, missionaries and western business practices supplanted it

23. Consequences Europeans built roads, canals, railroads, dams Africa stripped of natural resources Natives treated harshly Direct rule over colonies exercised by all Europeans EXCEPT Britain, who allowed local self-rule (similar to Roman Empire)

24. Imperialism in India Mughal Empire-Muslim descendants of Genghis Khan; rule until 1757 1750’s - British East India Company, under Robert Clive, will defeat the French in India and gain control of India over the next 100 years (what’s wrong with this picture?) Sepoy Mutiny: Too little, too late (known as First War of Independence) 1858 – British Parliament steps in, exiles the last Mughal ruler Queen Victoria – Empress of India

25. India: Model of British Imperialism Late 1800’s – raw materials flowed to Britain, manufactured goods flowed back to India Railroads and canals built Upper castes taught English and English customs, Christianity spreads

27. Indian National Congress 1885 – Well-educated Indians who dreamed of freeing India from British rule. It would take 2 World Wars before the dream is realized *Note – educated folks less likely to accept “subjugation”

28. Imperialism in China Up until now, what was China’s relationship with the West? In the 1830’s the relationship will change as the British “force their right to deal” (deal what? Drugs, of course!) 1839-1842 first “Opium War” (guess who wins?) TTreaty of Nanking – opens up 5 ports and gives Hong Kong to British EEnds trade monopoly of Canton

29. Treaty of Nanjing: More Opium, More Addicts 1842 - First of “unequal treaties” – Britain allowed expanded trading rights 1843 - Hong Kong declared a “crown possession” of Britain 1844 – Christian missionaries allowed back in China

30. More War Second Opium War, 1856-1860 – Occurred after China refused British rights to expand opium trade – China humiliated MMore about spread of Imperialism and power than opium White Lotus Rebellion and Taiping Rebellion caused decay internally China – now considered an easy target, so that means…

31. Even More War 1876 – Korea declares independence 1883 – Sino-French War – China loses Vietnam to the French (subsequently named “French Indochina”) 1895 – Sino-Japanese War ended with Japanese control of Taiwan and trading rights (note: Japan also takes over Korea) France, Germany, Russia, Britain create “spheres of influence”

32. SEE IMPERIALISM CHART (THE ONE WITH THE CARTOONS ON THE BACK) What’s the Difference Between Establishing a Colony and a “Sphere of Influence?”

35. Boxer Rebellion – Knocked Out in the First Round “Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists” Anti- Manchu, anti-Europeans and anti- Christians (guerilla warfare used to slaughter many of them) Rebellion failed - China forced to sign the “Boxer Protocol” which forced China to pay for the costs of the rebellion and apologize

36. Chinese Culture Crumbles 1901 – footbinding abolished 1905 – Civil Service Exam was eliminated 1911 - Sun Yat-sen toppled the government and established a republic (more on that in the next period beginning in the year 1914)

37. Japanese Imperialism (far cry from isolationism ) 1853 – Commodore Matthew Perry arrived on a steamboat to Japan (big deal?) 1854 Treaty of Kanawaga signed (big deal?) Meiji Restoration ushers in Japanese westernization

38. Consequences By 1870 – Japan builds railways and steamships By 1876 – Samurai class out, conscription in By 1890’s – Maintained trade on equal footing with western powers 1895 – defeated China for control of Korea and Taiwan 1904 - Russo-Japanese War, kicked Russia out of Manchuria (Can anyone say “Imperial Power”? How about “World Power”?)