1. Community Interactions Honors Biology Westerville South High School Courtesy: Judy Jones

2. Competition The two flowering plants are competing for the same space Which means both of them are harmed. http://elementy.ru/images/eltbook/competitive_exclusion_principle_520.jpg

3. Competition Competition is when two organisms use the same space and resources at the same time. Competition can occur between organisms of the same species or different species Competitive Exclusion Principle – No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.

4. Kudzu Competition Kudzu was introduced to the United States in 1876 at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, PA. It “outcompetes” other native plants so they don’t have a place to grow. &imgrefurl=http://www.yahoolavista.com/kudzu/&h=288&w=432&sz=35&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=tp85kKj4SEtsvM:&tbnh=84&tb nw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkudzu%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D http://news.uns.purdue.edu/images/+2005/nice-kudzu.jpg

5. Competition – introduced species The Eastern Bluebird is being forced into smaller numbers by the House Sparrow, an introduced species. http://photogallery.canberrabirds.org.au/images/Sparrow_House_Dabb.jpg http://my.core.com/~paper-images/Eastern_Bluebird022v.jpg

6. Mutualism – clownfish and anemone The clownfish gets protection from the anemone and in return protects the anemone from fish that would eat it (angelfish); the clownfish also keeps the anemone free of dirt and debris. http://www.bigfishhooked.com/clown_fish_and_anenome.jpg

7. Mutualism Mutualism is a relationship between two organisms where both of them benefit from the relationship. This can involve providing food, protection, a place to live or even pollination.

8. Mutualism - Lichens Lichens consist of a fungus with an algae or photosynthetic bacterium living inside the fungus. The alga provides food for both of them and the fungus provides a habitat for the alga. tbnid=7aE_8wrZkK9LJM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=148&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlichen%26start%3D20%26n dsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

9. Mutualism – cleaner shrimp These shrimp set up large cleaning stations on the reef where fish will come to have parasites picked from their skin. The shrimp gets a constant food source and the fish (eel in this case) gets rid of potentially dangerous parasites http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_04_img0432.jpg

10. Cleaner Shrimp on a Grouper http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kasson.com/LCD/Grouper67.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kasso n.com/LCD/Grouper.htm&h=333&w=500&sz=47&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=h2JaDinHGT3ulM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=130&p rev=/images%3Fq%3Dgrouper%2Bcleaner%2Bshrimp%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

11. Mutualism – Ant and Aphid http://www.richsoil.com/antsandaphids/ants_aphids_sugar.jpg

12. The Aphid and the Ant Aphids feed on the sap of the plant they are on. Ants use their antennae to stimulate the aphids and cause them to excrete from their abdomen a substance called honeydew which is rich in the nutrients ants require. Each worker ant goes from aphid to aphid collecting honeydew which she stores in her abdomen until it's full; then, she returns to the nest and regurgitates to feed other members of the colony. Ants, in return for the honeydew, protect the aphids from predators such as flies, wasps, and beetles. The ants, like human ranchers, sometimes move their aphids to richer grazing grounds. YUMMY!

13. A Little Aphid Ant Humor http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ibiblio.org/Dave/Dr- Fun/inline/thumbs/tn20001013.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ibiblio.org/Dave/ar00295.htm&h=190&w=25 8&sz=20&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=5x78fixpPQkJAM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dap hid%2Bant%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

14. Mutualism – sea slug with algae The algae lives in the sea slug and makes food for both of them – in return it gets a place to live. http://www.calacademy.org/science_now/new_species/melibe_digitata.html

15. Nitrogen fixing nodules Bacteria in the nodules can take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into a form that can be used by the plant; in return, the plant protects the bacteria from harmful oxygen and the bacteria get food from the plant. http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/images/pests/179.jpg

16. Mutualism - pollination Many plants depend on pollinators for their reproduction. They provide nectar to attract these pollinators. So the pollinator gets fed and the plant gets reproduced! http://www.life.uiuc.edu/help/digitalflowers/picts/Asteraceae/15-Liatris%20pollination.jpg

17. Another Pollinator – note pollen on back legs http://z.about.com/f/wiki/e/en/thumb/3/39/Plumpollen0060.jpg/300px-Plumpollen0060.jpg

18. Protozoans in cow’s stomach These protozoans along with bacteria help the cow by digesting cellulose; cows don’t have the enzymes to do this. http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zac0278.jpg The protozoans and bacteria get a place to live and a continual food source. This is a valuable mutualistic relationship.

19. Ants and Acacia Trees Acacia trees are found in Central America. Ants hollow out the large thorns of the plant for nests and feed on sweet secretions from the base of each leaf and on the protein rich substance found on the tips of the leaves, The ants in return protect the trees from herbivores that would eat the leaves. With a movement of the branch, ants emerge and release a nasty odor and attack the herbivore. http://www.agrotours.com/bio/cr13.jpg

20. The ants, again When an experiment was done and the ants were poisoned, the acacia trees died from being overtaken by other plants and herbivores. http://pbskids.org/backyardjungle/files.php/2938_discovery_f.jpg

21. OxPecker - Mutualism The oxpecker eats parasites on the mammal – food for the bird and removal of danger for the mammal http://blogs.bootsnall.com/Chuck/uploads/Copy%20of%20YellowBilledOxPecker-1.jpg

22. More Ox (?) peckers http://www.wildlifesafari.info/images/birds/oxpecker_yellow-billed.jpg

23. Another ox(?)pecker http://www.wildlife-pictures-online.com/image-files/impala_knp-9113_blog.jpg

24. Caterpillar Ant Mutualism http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/anim als/video/ant_caterpillarsymbiosis.htmlhttp://www3.nationalgeographic.com/anim als/video/ant_caterpillarsymbiosis.html

25. Cattle Egret - Commensalism The cattle stir up grasshoppers and other insects that the egret likes to eat. There is no apparent benefit to the cow. http://mishami.image.pbase.com/u43/jypsee/upload/27771434.anguswithegret.jpg

26. Commensalism Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits and other is neither harmed nor benefited. Few examples of commensalism exist because of the difficulty of showing that one of the organisms is not affected by the other. Some of the former cmomensalistic relationships may turn out to be mutualism or parasitism.

27. Commensalism – shark and remora The remora benefits by getting food from the shark’s meal. But there is no apparent benefit to the shark. http://www.scubaduba.com/gallery/shark2.jpg

28. Remora without its shark Note the sucker on the head of the remora (or suckerfish) http://www.cincinnatidiving.com/Gallery/images/Shearwater/remora.jpg

29. Commensalism – whale and barnacle http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/whales/humptail.jpg The barnacle larvae swim around, attach to the whale, and form the adult. This habitat is a good one for providing food. The whale does not “appear” to be harmed.

30. Commensalism – limpets on mussel shell

31. Parasitism Adult wasps insert their eggs beneath the skin of the hornworm larva. The eggs hatch and the young feed hornworm until they pupate as shown in the photo. Although the parasite is harmful to the worm, it is important in controlling hornworms in agriculture. http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/benefici/ce174.htm

32. Parasitism Parasitism is a relationship where one individual benefits and the other is harmed. Parasites rarely kill their hosts because to do so would ultimately harm the parasite! A tick!

33. Brood Parasitism - Cowbirds Cowbird females lay their eggs (one per nest) in the nests of other species. The hatchling cowbird is big and gets most of the food. http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/birds/ohio_birds/images/chipping_sparrow_chick_cowbird-40.jpg This is because the foster birds tend to feed the largest mouth. The cowbird benefits and the other species is harmed.

34. Mistletoe – a plant parasite http://www.wcosf.org/other_photos/Mistletoe_1_600.JPG Mistletoe lives off the branches and stems of Other trees. It can photo- synthesize a little but not enough to meet its needs. The tree can be very harmed.

35. Heartworms! The worm larvae are transferred from dog to dog through the bite of an infected mosquito. The mosquito sucks larval heartworms with blood from an infected dog. The mosquito then bites another dog and transfers these microscopic larva as it bites. During the next few months, these larva migrate through the dogs body arriving at the heart several months later where they become adults. http://www.greatlakesbcrescue.org/HealthNTraining/heartworms.JPG

36. Predator prey In this Predator-Prey relationship, the spider is eating an insect that it has trapped. http://www.flickr.com/photos/flashmaggie/50552812 /

37. Predator-Prey In a predator-prey relationship one organism benefits and the other is killed.

38. The Ultimate Predator – a Wildcat! http://www.birdsasart.com/cheetah-w-prey-_T9J1935-Sambura-WR,-Kenya.jpg