1. Forest Fire Oil Spill Floods Biogeochemical Cycle Class 13. Remote Sensing Applications

2. Fire is part of the natural reproductive cycle of many forests revitalizing growth by opening seeds and releasing nutrients from the soil. However, fires can also spread quickly and threaten settlements and wildlife, eliminate timber supplies, and temporarily damage conservation areas. Information is needed to help control the extent of fire, and to assess how well the forest is recovering following a burn. CCRS WWW

3. Fire Monitoring, Mapping and Modeling System: Fire M3 CCRS/CFS

4. Wild Fire in Canada 10,000 fires per year 2.5 million ha burned annually $500 million fire management cost 20% of forest management costs CCRS/CFS

5. CFS (1999 not included)

6. Fire M3 detection Algorithm (NOAA-14 AVHRR) Single date AVHRR Calibration, radiometric and geometric correction Temperature band 3 (T3) > 315 K NO Yes Fire pixel Fire clear pixel Li et al., 1998 CCRS WWW First test: Marking potential forest fires using thermal band (3)

7. Forest Fires - Aug 11, 1998 CCRS

8. Burn Mapping NDVI Composite May 21-30, 1995 NDVI Composite September 11-19, 1995 CCRS

9. High Resolution Images CCRS

10. Oil spill detection Oil spectral properties are very different than that of water. Many sensors can be used for oil spill detection

11. Electromagnetic Energy-Oil Interaction UV Visible and reflected IR Black or Brown Signature Energy largely Absorbed by oil Incident sunlight Dark Signature UV energy simulates fluorescence; bright signature Energy reflected by clean water (in part specular) UV energy is transmitted and absorbed Sabins 9 Blue or green signature Blue or green signature

12. Electromagnetic Energy-Oil Interaction Sabins 9 Radiant Temperature T rad = 17.4 o C Radiant Temperature T rad = 15.9 o C Emissivity of oil  = 0.972 Emissivity of water  = 0.993 Thermal Infrared Oil and water kinetic temperature T kin = 18 o C Radiant Temperature T rad =  1/4 T kin

13. Electromagnetic Energy-Oil Interaction Sabins 9 Radar Smooth Rough Incident radar energy Strong backscatter; bright signature Specular reflection; dark signature h <  25 sin  h >  4.4 sin  h = surface roughness = radar wavelength  = depression angle

14. "Sea Empress" Oil Spill Monitoring Milford Haven, Wales, United Kingdom February 22, 1996 CCRS WWW http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/tekrd/radarsat/images/uk/ruk01e.html A: Oil Spill, B: Tywi River, C: Ocean waves, D: Oil spill with waves, F: Refinery wharves, E: the city of Milford Haven

15. Biogeochemical Cycles Issues that requires global perspectives.

16. Biogeochemical Cycles Hydrological Cycle Campbell 20.2 Precipitation Oceans Precipitation Ocean Atmosphere Evaporation Land Evaporation Oceans Saline Lakes and Inland Seas Fresh Water Stream Channels Ground Water Runoff and Ground Water Return Soil Moistures Ice Caps and Glaciers

17. Brightness values Reflectance from Water Bodies Reflectance from Land Campbell 18 Hydrology Remote sensing provides a straightforward means to map the extent of water bodies and their changes over time Open Water V V Land IR

18. Biogeochemical Cycles Nitrogen Cycle Campbell 20.2 Atmosphere N2N2 Juvenile Addition Atmospheric Fixation Biological Fixation Industrial Fixation Denitrification Atmospheric Fixation Diffusion Biological Fixation N2N2 Marine Organisms Disolved Nitrogen Inorganic Nitrogen Decaying Organic Matter Inorganic Nitrogen, land Organisms, land Crust Sedimentary Rocks

19. Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Cycle Campbell 20.2 Fossil Fuel Combustion Net Primary Production (NPP) Atmosphere Organic Soil Enrichment Runoff and Ground Water Flown Diffusion Fossil Fuels Carbonate Sediments Dead Organic Matter, Land Diagenesis Precipitation NPP Sed. Resp. Ocean Surface Layer CO 2 Organisms Oceans Deep Ocean Layer Organic Sediment Accumulation decomposition

20. Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Cycle Remote Sensing instruments assist scientists in understanding the carbon cycle by estimating the areas covered by plants, identifying the kinds of plants, and estimating the period for which they are photosynthetically active. Campbell 20.2

21. NPP is the difference between plant photosynthesis and respiration which releases part of the carbon absorbed: NPP = Photosynthesis Rate - Plant Respiration Rate (expressed in units of gram carbon/ m 2 /year) Net Primary Productivity (NPP) CCRS WWW NPP is a parameter used to quantify the net carbon absorption rate by living plants. Net Carbon Flow to/from Terrestrial Ecosystems Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) = NPP - Soil Respiration (gram carbon/m 2 /year)

22. NPP quantifies the carbon absorption by plants only, while NEP includes carbon absorption by plants and carbon release by soils. NPP is a component of the carbon cycle, while NEP is net carbon exchange between the ecosystem and the atmosphere; NEP quantifies the various carbon sinks and sources. CCRS WWW

23. NPP Distribution The Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) AVHRR

24. NPP 1994 Liu/Chen/Cihlar, 2002. Global Ecology and Biogeography 0.01 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 kg C/m 2 /year

25. Carbon Source and Sink Distribution Based on Remote Sensing Chen et al., 2003. Tellus