1. South, Southeast, and East Asia Physical Geography Mostly taken from mrdgeography.com with slight changes!

2. Mountains Himalayas (largest mountain range in the world) Himalayas (largest mountain range in the world) Western and Eastern Ghats (located in India) Western and Eastern Ghats (located in India) Mount Fuji (located in Japan) Mount Fuji (located in Japan)

3. Himalayas

4. Ghats

5. Mount Fuji Sacred to Shintos

6. Influence of Mountains Population – fewer people live in the mountains Population – fewer people live in the mountains Movement – mountains make it more difficult for people to travel Movement – mountains make it more difficult for people to travel Climate – mountains affect the monsoon in India and they are also very cold Climate – mountains affect the monsoon in India and they are also very cold

7. Most rivers begin in Tibet

8. Loess Loess is wind blown dust Loess is wind blown dust

9. Influence of Water Rivers, Seas, and Ocean Currents Agriculture – people live near rivers to grow food Agriculture – people live near rivers to grow food Trade – people in Asia trade using the seas and oceans Trade – people in Asia trade using the seas and oceans Transportation – people use rivers and oceans for transportation because it is faster and cheaper Transportation – people use rivers and oceans for transportation because it is faster and cheaper

10. Ganges River in India considered sacred by Hindus The river is heavily polluted

11. Climate Asia has varied climate regions ranging from tropical wet to humid continental Asia has varied climate regions ranging from tropical wet to humid continental Gobi Desert – located in western China Gobi Desert – located in western China Plateau of Tibet – high in elevation and very cold Plateau of Tibet – high in elevation and very cold

12. Gobi Desert

13. Natural Hazards Monsoon – Seasonal wind that brings rain to India and Southeast Asia Monsoon – Seasonal wind that brings rain to India and Southeast Asia Typhoons – tropical storms (same as hurricane) Typhoons – tropical storms (same as hurricane) Volcanic eruptions Volcanic eruptions Earthquakes – Frequent in Japan and areas on Ring of Fire Earthquakes – Frequent in Japan and areas on Ring of Fire

14. Monsoon

15. Earthquakes

16. Asia Economic Geography

17. Agriculture in Asia  Many countries in Asia have arable land that is good for farming.  Tropical crops are grown in countries with tropical climate zones.  Rice is the most important food crop in the region.

18. Crops  A few tropical crops are: A. Tea B. Sugar Cane C. Coffee D. Rubber E. Cocao

19. World Tea Production

20. World Coffee Production

21. Methods of Farming  In mountainous areas of Asia people practice agricultural terracing.  In areas with tropical forests people use slash and burn farming.  Many tropical cash crops are grown on large plantations.  In most areas people still practice subsistence farming.

22. Tea Plantation

23. Rice Terraces

24. The Green Revolution  The Green Revolution was a period of time from the 1940s to the 1960s when new strains of rice and other crops were introduced to developing parts of the world. These new crops produced more food per square hectare and allowed food production to keep pace with population growth.

25. The Green Revolution  IR8 is a variety of rice that was genetically engineered by the International Rice Research Institute and introduced to India.  Regular Rice Yield = 1/2 ton per hectare  IR8 Rice Yield = 5 tons per hectare with no fertilizer and 10 tons with fertilizer.

26. Developed or Developing?  Most countries in Asia are developing.  China is developing but it is industrialized.  India is developing but it has many factories and some cities have high tech sectors such as computer programming and the manufacturing of electronic components.

27. Developed  The following countries are developed: A. Japan B. Taiwan C. Singapore D. South Korea

28. Developed  Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea are considered newly industrialized countries because they built most of their factories in the last fifty years and the economy of these countries no longer relies on agriculture.  Japan is highly industrialized but it has been industrialized since the late 19th century.

29. Japan  Japan has one of the largest fishing fleets in the world.  Japan has automobile factories but in general the economy is moving towards the service sector.  Japan is the economic leader in the region.  Japan is heavily dependent on imported raw resources. It must import about 50% of its food and most of its fuel.

30. China  China is communist and had a centrally planned or command economy, however, in the last thirty years China has transitioned towards a free market economy.  China, along with many countries in Asia, now participates in the global market.  Due to rapid industrialization China now faces several environmental problems such as soil erosion, air pollution, and the loss of arable land.

31. Economic Systems  There are three types of economic systems: A. Free Market Economy B. Mixed Economy C. Command Economy (Centrally Planned) The only country in Asia with a strict command economy is North Korea. Laos, Vietnam, and China are all transitioning towards free market economies.

32. Economic Unions  The largest economic union in this region is ASEAN, The Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The members of ASEAN are: A.BruneiF. Cambodia B. IndonesiaG. Laos C. VietnamH. Thailand D. PhilippinesI. Singapore E. MalaysiaJ. Myanmar

33. ASEAN

35. Population  Parts of Asia are very densely populated and parts of it are sparsely populated.  Densely populated areas include Eastern China, India, Japan, and most of Southeast Asia.  Sparsely populated areas are Western China, Mongolia, and areas in the Himalaya Mountains.

36. Population  China is the most populated country in the world and India is the second most populated country.  China has instituted a one child policy in order to limit population growth. India has no policy, so it will be tied with China by 2028 and then continue to pass it.

37. Population Pyramids

39. Cities  Asia has some of the largest cities in the world.  In Asia there is an extreme contrast between urban areas and rural areas. People in rural areas are still living a traditional lifestyle and practicing subsistence farming.  Many people are moving to cities to look for jobs.

40. Russia and Central Asia Physical Geography

41. The Land Russia is a large country that is located in Europe and Asia. Russia is so long that it spans 11 time zones. The dividing line between Europe and Asia is the Ural Mountains.

42. The Land

43. The five countries in Central Asia are: A. Kazakhstan B. Uzbekistan C. Turkmenistan D. Tajikistan E. Kyrgyzstan

44. The Land

45. The part of Russia located in Asia is called Siberia. This area is isolated, sparsely populated, and extremely cold in the winter time.

46. The Land The Northern European Plain extends into Western Russia. This area has a type of fertile soil called chernozem. Chernozem means black earth and the soil is dark in color.

47. The Land Comparison of arable land The United States173,450 India160,519 China142,615 Russia122,559 * unit in thousands of hectares Arable land is land that can be used for farming.

48. The Land

49. The Kamchatka Peninsula in Eastern Siberia is located on the Ring of Fire. This area has a high concentration of volcanoes, however, due to the low population density it doesn’t present a serious problem to people at the moment.

50. The Ring of Fire

51. The Mountains The Urals are the longest mountain range in Russia. The Caucasus Mountains run from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea and they generally divide Russia from Georgia and Azerbaijan.

52. Bodies of Water Russia has many long rivers such as the Volga, Ob, and Amur. The Amur River forms part of the border between Russia and China. Some rivers flow northward to the Arctic Ocean.

53. Bodies of Water Lake Baikal is located in Siberia and it is the deepest fresh water lake in the world. The Caspian Sea is divided between Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. It is the world’s largest body of enclosed water. Large reserves of oil have been found on the bottom of the lake.

54. Caspian Sea

56. Bodies of Water The Aral Sea is located in Central Asia between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Since the 1960s it has been shrinking due to over irrigation. It is now 20% of its original size. The Soviets used the diverted water to irrigate cotton fields.

57. Bodies of Water

58. The shrinking of the Aral Sea has caused: A. The collapse of the local fishing industry B. Increase in pollution due to fertilizer run off, pesticides, and industrial waste C. Increase in respiratory illnesses in the region

59. Bodies of Water

60. Climate and Vegetation Russia is in the middle and high latitudes but it is not warmed by ocean currents and wind currents like Europe so it is much colder. Western Russia has a humid continental climate zone but most of Siberia has a subarctic climate zone. The northern part of Russia is tundra.

61. Climate and Vegetation

62. Tundra has short grasses, lichens, mosses, small shrubs, and flowers in the summer time but underneath the tundra there is permafrost (permanently frozen subsoil). The subarctic region of Siberia has a large coniferous forest called Taiga. Central Asia is covered in temperate grassland called steppe.

63. Taiga

64. Tundra http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org

65. Steppe

66. Russia and Central Asia Economic Geography

67. Natural Resources Russia and Central Asia have many different types of natural resources, both renewable and nonrenewable.

68. Renewable Resources A. Russia has timber in Siberia. Most of Siberia is covered in Taiga. B. Russia has a lot of arable land, but most of it is in Western Russia. C. Russia has fish in the Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Pacific Ocean.

70. Agriculture Cotton is grown in Central Asia around the Aral Sea. The Aral Sea has been shrinking because of over irrigation of the rivers that flow into it.

71. Nonrenewable Resources Russia has fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas. There is oil on the bottom of the Caspian Sea. The natural gas in Russia is in Siberia on the Arctic coast. Russia consumes less oil than it extracts so it is able to export crude oil on the world market.

72. Nonrenewable Resources Russia has many minerals such as aluminum, copper, lead, iron, zinc, gold, and silver.

73. Energy Resources Russia has abundant sources of natural gas, coal, and oil. Russia also produces energy with nuclear power and hydroelectric power.

74. Chernobyl In 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant located in the Ukraine exploded. The explosion released massive amounts of radiation and the entire city of over 300,000 people had to be evacuated.

75. Oil Pipelines The Russian economy has been expanding because of increased investment in the oil industry. After the fall of communism many foreign companies invested in the Russian oil industry.

79. Capital Resources A. Western Russia has a well developed infrastructure to include a system of railroads, roads, and canals. B. Siberia has a poor infrastructure. The Trans-Siberian railroad runs through Siberia but there are not many roads or railroads.

80. Trans-Siberian Railroad A. Novosibirsk became an important city after the Trans-Siberian Railroad was completed.

82. Economic System From 1917 to 1990 Russia was communist and it had a command economy. In a command economy the government controls all means of production. People cannot own land or businesses.

83. Economic System Before 1917, Russia was ruled by a Tsar. He was an emperor and had absolute power. After 1917, Russia was ruled by the Soviets. The Soviet Union refers to Russia, the countries of Central Asia, and some countries in Eastern Europe.

84. Warsaw Pact Countries

85. Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact was a group of countries led by the Soviet Union that were communist. In order to combat the Warsaw Pact the United States created NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).

86. Economic Challenges The transition from a command to free market economy has been difficult but recently the economy of Russia has shown steady growth and standards of living are increasing.

87. Economic Challenges There is widespread pollution in Russia. A few examples are: A. Oil spills from poorly maintained pipelines. B. Radioactive waste from nuclear power plants and nuclear submarines. C. Air pollution from factories with poor air quality standards.

88. Economic Challenges The resources in Siberia are difficult to develop due to climate, limited transportation links, and vastness of the country.