1. Maps

2. Maps are Projections The globe is three-dimensional (3-D) –ex. A ball A map is two-dimensional (2-D) – ex. A piece of paper A projection is a way of showing Earth’s curved surface on a flat map.

3. Reading Maps Takes Spatial Thinking In order to understand how to read maps, we must use spatial thinking Spatial thinking is thinking about the space on the Earth’s surface, including where places are located and why they are there.

4. Features of Maps Title: Tells the subject of the map or globe Orientation/Compass Rose: Shows the directions North, South, East, West. Symbols: represents information such as natural resources and economic activities

5. More Features of Maps Labels: the names of places Colors: represent different kinds of information Scale: shows how much distance on earth is represented by the distance on the map or globe

6. Features of Maps Legend: or a key, what the symbols and colors on the map or globe represent Locator globe: shows the specific area of the world that is shown on a map Lines of Latitude Lines of Longitude

8. Analyzing the Map What is the map missing? Compass Rose with Cardinal Directions A complete map name: It is actually a physical map of North America Locator globe What does it contain? Legend Scale Name Lines of latitude Labels Lines of longitude Colors

9. 3 Types of Maps Physical Political Special Purpose/Thematic

10. Physical Maps Physical maps show what the surface of the Earth looks like. A physical map highlights Earth’s natural features, such as mountains, forests, land elevation, sea depth.

13. Political Maps Political maps show how people have divided places on the Earth into countries, states, cities and other units for the purpose of governing them.

15. Political Maps  A political map often uses colors to show the boundaries between states or countries.

16. Special Purpose/Thematic Maps  A thematic map is a type of map especially designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographical area.  These maps can portray physical, social, political, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural and other aspects of a city, state, region, nation or continent.

17. Special Purpose Maps: Global Climates This map shows the general climate regions of the world.

18. Special Purpose : World Religions Religious beliefs help define a people’s culture, so to understand a people, it is important to consider what religions influence that group.

19. Latitude and Longitude The earth is divided into lots of lines called latitude and longitude.

20. Lines Longitude lines run north and south. (the LONG sides of the ladder) Latitude lines run east and west. (the steps of the ladder) measure distancesThe lines measure distances in degrees. Longitude Latitude

21. Where is 0 degree? The Equator is 0 degree latitude. It is an imaginary “belt,” or line, that runs halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. Equator

23. Where is 0 degree? The prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs through England, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.

25. Hemispheres By using the Equator and Prime Meridian, we can divide the world into four hemispheres: 1.The Northern Hemisphere 2.The Southern Hemisphere 3.The Eastern Hemisphere 4.The Western Hemisphere

27. Mapping Challenges

28. Topography The lay of the land. Shows relief using contour lines. –Relief- highs and lows of Earth’s surface. –Relief can be calculated Take the difference between the highest point and the lowest. Ex: Mountain peak 20 m. lake 10m –20m- 10m= 10m –The relief of this area is 10m

29. Reading a topographic map- Contour Lines Lines on topographic maps. –Elevation- the distance something is above sea level. Sea level= 0m or 0ft. –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owwqUYx_ o3khttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owwqUYx_ o3k

30. Contiguous sharing a common border; touching. Ex: "the 48 contiguous states” of the US

31. The Problem of Cartography Cartographers (Mapmakers) Gathering InformationGathering Information Problem of DistortionProblem of Distortion –Round world…flat paper –Distortion of… Area Shape Distance Direction

32. Gathering Information SurveyingSurveying Aerial Photography (Air Planes)Aerial Photography (Air Planes) Remote Sensing (Satellites)Remote Sensing (Satellites)

33. Geographic Information Systems Satellite Images— pictures from above the earth GIS (Geographic Information Systems)—draw computer-generated maps from data

34. Early Maps-No GIS Christopher Columbus’s Time—Americas had not been discovered, continents poorly shaped Today—satellite images aid in correcting shape, size, etc. –GIS helps cartographers draw accurate maps

35. Problem of Distortion Features are stretched to put Earth’s information onto a map.Features are stretched to put Earth’s information onto a map.

36. Map Properties No map can have all of the properties at onceNo map can have all of the properties at once –Equal areas –Conformity –Consistent Scale –True-Compass Directions

37. Points to Remember The projection one chooses to use depends on the information one wants.The projection one chooses to use depends on the information one wants. All Maps are projections – they transfer Earth’s features from the globe to a flat surface (map).All Maps are projections – they transfer Earth’s features from the globe to a flat surface (map). When large areas of Earth are mapped, distortion is more serious.When large areas of Earth are mapped, distortion is more serious. When mapping small areas like cities, distortion is not usually evident.When mapping small areas like cities, distortion is not usually evident.

38. Oceans of the World The world has five major oceans. Atlantic Pacific Arctic Indian Southern Pacific ocean Southern ocean Arctic ocean Indian ocean Atlantic ocean

39. Southern Ocean Also known as the Antarctic Ocean Southernmost waters of the world ocean South of 60 degrees S Latitude