1. THE REFORMATION Changes in the Catholic Church

2. R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16c Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice- regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation.

3. The Protestant Reformation Causes of the Reformation –Crisis of 14 th and 15 th Centuries –Corruption Simony, pluralism, absenteeism, indulgences, nepotism, moral decline, and clerical ignorance. –Critics of the Church John Wycliffe, John Hus, Kempis, and Erasmus. –Renaissance Humanism

4. Causes of the Reformation?  Church corruption  Avignon Papacy  Conciliarism  Marsilius of Padua  Defensor Pacis [Defender of the Peace] Attacked papal authority The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts!  Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy  Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land  Papal need for money  indulgences  Printing Press

5. The Spread of the Printing Press

6. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 c

7. Martin Luther Background –Middle-class family –Trained in law Thunderstorm and St. Anne Terrified of God

8. Ninety-five Theses –Selling indulgences Johann Tetzel –Printing press enables his works to spread. –Nailed or Mailed?

9. The Spread of Lutheranism

10. Challenged Church Authority –Initially a debate between Augustinian and Dominican Monks. –Debate with Johann Eck »Denied infallibility of Pope »Erred when Jan Hus was executed »Point of no return –Published reforms »Salvation through faith »Bible is sole authority »Two sacraments

11. Diet of Worms 1521 –Power to outlaw –Luther to recant –Outlawed by HRE as a heretic –Protected by Frederick III Translating the Bible –Vernacular (German) Edict of Worms Confessions of Augsburg –Attempted compromised

12. Battle over Lutheranism Spread –N. German –Escape from Catholic –Stayed in Germany, Denmark and Sweden Emperor Charles V –Tried to maintain unity –Preoccupied with Ottomans Peasants War –12 Articles End of Serfdom and tithes Luther was conservative 100,000 died N. Germany –League of Schmalkalden Defend against Charles V France allied with them –Habsburg-Valois Wars France tries to keep Germany Divided

13. The Peasant Revolt - 1525

14. End of Battle Peace of Augsburg 1555 –Ended the struggle over Lutheranism –Germans could choose religion –Permanent Religious division in Germany Was not unified again until 1871 Charles V

15. Spread of Protestantism Anabaptists 1535 –Characteristics No connection to state No childhood baptism Millenarians Reject Trinity Left winged protestants –John of Leyden (Munster) Polygamy (16 wives) Women leaders All books except bible burned Began killing Lutherans and Catholics Tragedy of Munster –Armies of Protestant and Catholic forces captured and executed Anabaptists Other Anabaptists –Mennonites –Quakers –Unitarians

16. The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

17. Ulrich Zwingli –Student of Humanism –Swiss Reformation –Theocracy in Zurich –Eucharist on a symbol –Colloquy of Marburg Official split with Luther

18. John Calvin French Institutes of Christian Religion –Basis of Calvinism –Predestination Geneva Militant Protestant Work Ethic

19. Spread of Calvinism –John Knox Presbyterianism –Huguenots –Dutch Reformed Church –Puritans

20. Calvin’s World in the 16 c

21. Protestant Churches in France (Late 16 c )

22. English Reformation Early Reformers –John Wycliffe –William Tyndale Henry VIII –Conservative –Annulment –Wives http://www.pbs.org/wnet/sixwives/meet/index.htm l

23. Church of England –Break from Catholic –Cardinal Wolsey –Thomas Cranmer –Act of Supremacy 1534 –Pilgrimage of Grace –Statute of Six Articles Edward VI –10 Year Old –Adopted Calvinism –New Doctrines

24. Mary Tudor –Cathrine of Aragon –Future Heir to Spain –Exiles –Bloody Mary Elizabeth –Anne Boleyn Illegitimate (Catholics) –Development of Protestantism –Elizabethan Settlement –Thirty-Nine Articles

25. Women in the Reformation Protestant Woman –Luther: House wives –Calvin Subjugation –More control over marriage –Companion/love relationship –Reading the bible –Lost church service –Lost rights to manage Catholic Women –Church and religious orders –Angela Merici –Teresa de Avila

26. Reformation Europe (Late 16 c )

27. Counter Reformation Pope Paul III –Improvement through existing doctrine Council of Trent –Equal Validity, Scripture, Tradition, Church Fathers –7 Sacraments –Reforms –Index of Forbidden Books

28. New Orders –Jesuits –Ignatious Loyala Inquisitions –Brought S. Germany and E. Europe to Catholicism –Ursuline Nuns

29. Baroque Art –Glory and Power of Catholic Church –Architecture Bernini –Painting Carvaggio Reubens Results –Unity of Western Christianity –Enthusiasm –Abuses –Religious Wars