1. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 1 Motivation and Emotion CHAPTER 6 LESSONS 6.1 6.1Theories of Motivation 6.2 6.2Biological and Social Motives 6.3 6.3Emotion

2. © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 6Slide 2 LESSON 6.1 Theories of Motivation OBJECTIVES Define motivation. Compare and contrast internal push theories. Differentiate among external push theories. Understand Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

3. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 3 What is Motivation? Motivation is an inner state that energizes behavior toward a goal.

4. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 4 Internal Push Theories Instinct theories Drive-reduction theory Yerkes-Dodson Law

5. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 5 Instinct Theories Instinct William McDougall Problems with McDougall’s approach

6. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 6 Drive-Reduction Theory Homeostasis is the tendency to keep psychological systems internally balanced by adjusting them in response to change. Drive-reduction theory is the idea that an imbalance in homeostasis creates a psychological need, which produces a drive that motivates the organism to satisfy the need.

7. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 7 Figure 6-1 Drive-Reduction Theory Imbalance in homeostasis (chemical imbalance of bodily fluids due to deprivation) Physiological need (for water or other fluids) Drive that provides motivation to satisfy need Behavior (drinking fluids) that satisfies need and reduces drive Homeostasis restored

8. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 8 Yerkes-Dodson Law Yerkes-Dodson law is a theory that states individuals perform best when maintaining an intermediate level of sensory stimulation.

9. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 9 Figure 6-2 The Yerkes-Dodson Law

10. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 10 External Pull Theories Incentive theory Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation

11. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 11 Incentive Theory Incentive theory is a theory proposing that any stimulus that you think has either positive or negative outcomes for you will become an incentive for your behavior. An incentive is a positive or negative stimulus in the environment that attracts or repels you.

12. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 12 Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation is the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. Extrinsic motivation is the desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or the threats of punishment.

13. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 13 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Hierarchy of needs is Maslow’s ladder of human needs in which more basic psychological and safety needs must be satisfied before you are motivated to satisfy higher-level psychological needs. Self-actualization - the ultimate goal of human growth is the realization of your full potential.

14. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 14 Figure 6-3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physiological needs (hunger, thirst, etc.) Physiological needs (hunger, thirst, etc.) Safety needs (security, predictability, etc.) Safety needs (security, predictability, etc.) Belongingness and love needs (intimacy, acceptance) Belongingness and love needs (intimacy, acceptance) Esteem needs (achievement, power, etc.) Esteem needs (achievement, power, etc.) Self-actualization needs (realization of one's full potential) Self-actualization needs (realization of one's full potential)

15. © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 6Slide 15 LESSON 6.2 Biological and Social Motives OBJECTIVES Examine hunger and eating. Define and interpret eating problems. Identify and differentiate between the need to belong and the need to achieve.

16. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 16 Hunger and Eating Internal Controls External Controls

17. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 17 Eating Problems Weight gain Weight loss

18. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 18 Weight Gain Set point is a level of body weight that the body works to maintain. Obesity is the excessive accumulation of body fat.

19. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 19 Weight Loss Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person weighs less than 85 percent of her or his expected weight but still expresses an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person engages in recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by drastic measures to remove the food calories from the body.

20. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 20 Tips for Losing Excess Pounds and Maintaining a Healthier Weight Avoid fad diets Avoid exposure to tempting food cues Eat “big” and healthy foods Exercise regularly Eat sensibly and slowly Reduce television viewing and computer time Be realistic and moderate

21. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 21 The Need to Belong The need to belong is the need to interact with others and be socially acceptable. It is also knows as the need for affiliation.

22. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 22 The Need to Achieve The need to achieve is a desire to overcome obstacles and meet high standards of excellence. It is also knows as the need for achievement. David McClelland Desire to succeed Fear of failure

23. © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 6Slide 23 LESSON 6.3 Emotion OBJECTIVES Identify and compare and contrast three theories of emotion. Examine how emotions are communicated nonverbally. Assess culture, gender, and emotions. Identify two effective ways to manage anger.

24. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 24 Emotions Emotion is a positive or negative feeling state that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, conscious experience, and expressive behavior.

25. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 25 Emotions and Physiological Arousal Autonomic nervous system produces the body’s reactions associated with emotions Fight or flight Emotional fainting

26. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 26 Figure 6-4 The Dual Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System

27. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 27 Two Early Theories The James-Lange theory is a theory that emotion-provoking events induce specific physiological changes in the autonomic nervous system that your brain automatically interprets as specific emotions. The Cannon-Bard theory is a theory that emotion-provoking events simultaneously induce both physiological responses and subjective states that are labeled as emotions.

28. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 28 Figure 6-5 Two Contrasting Theories of Emotion

29. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 29 Emotions and Higher-Order Thinking The two-factor theory is a theory that experiencing an emotion is often based on becoming physiologically aroused and then attaching a cognitive label to the arousal.

30. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 30 Table 6-1 Three Theories of Emotion TheoryBasic Assumptions James-LangeEmotion-provoking events induce physiological reactions that then cause the subjective states we label as emotions. Cannon-BardEmotion-provoking events simultaneously induce physiological reactions and subjective states we label as emotions. Two-factorEmotion-provoking events induce physiological reactions that increase arousal, which we then identify as a particular emotion based on the situation we are in.

31. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 31 Communicating Emotions Nonverbally Charles Darwin The facial feedback hypothesis proposes that specific facial expressions trigger the subjective experience of specific emotions.

32. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 32 Culture, Gender, and Emotions Social rules for expressing emotions Collectivist and individualist cultures Encouraging or discouraging expression of emotions

33. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 33 Self-Discovery Seven Primary Emotions

34. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 34 Managing Anger Anger is a normal, healthy emotion Anger can get out of control

35. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 35 Two Effective Strategies for Managing Anger Calm down angry feelings Change the way you think

36. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 36 Chapter 6 Clicker Questions 1. 1.According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which is the highest goal to achieve? a. a.safety b. b.self-actualization c. c.esteem d. d.belonging and love

37. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 37 Chapter 6 Clicker Questions 2. 2.Motivation is always determined by biology. a. a.True b. b.False

38. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 38 Chapter 6 Clicker Questions 3. 3.Which is not an external hunger cue? a. a.low blood sugar b. b.dishes clattering c. c.smell of food d. d.time of day

39. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 39 Chapter 6 Clicker Questions 4. 4.Which of the following is not considered a nonverbal expression of emotion? a. a.body language b. b.facial expression c. c.stance d. d.clothes

40. Chapter 6 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 40 Chapter 6 Clicker Questions 5. 5.There is evidence that facial expressions can create emotions. a. a.True b. b.False