1. Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)
Chapter 10
Motivation
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers

2. Motivation Motivation Instinct
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct
complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

3. Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Drive-reducing
behaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need
(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive
(hunger, thirst)

4. Motivation Homeostasis Incentive
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
Incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization needs
Need to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
Esteem needs
Need for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,
and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Belongingness and love needs
Need to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid
loneliness and alienation
Safety needs
Need to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Physiological needs
Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

6. Motivation - Hunger
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

7. Motivation - Hunger Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
provides the major source of energy for body tissues
when its level is low, we feel hunger

8. Motivation - Hunger Set Point Basal Metabolic Rate
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate
body’s base rate of energy expenditure

9. Motivation - Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

10. Motivation - Hunger

11. Obesity and Weight Control

12. Obesity and Weight Control

13. Obesity and Weight Control

14. Weight Control Effects of a severe diet Days Caloric intake in
calories
per day
Body
weight
kilograms
Metabolism:
Oxygen
consumption
in liters
per hour
3000
2000
1000
Days
165
160
155
150
145
140 26 25 24 23 22 21

15. Weight Control
Trading risks

16. Weight Control Most lost weight is regained Weight change in pounds
-20
-15
-10 -5 5 10 1 2 3 4
Weight
change
in pounds
Post
treatment
Years of follow-up
Starting
point
Normal trend for untreated obese
people: Gradually rising weight
After participation in behavioral
Program: Much of initial weight
loss regained
Most lost weight is regained

17. Hours of television watched per day
Weight Control
< >4
Hours of television watched per day
in 1990s study
Boys
Girls 32 30 28 26 24 22 20
Skinfold fat
measure (mm)
Obesity was more common among those who watched the most television

18. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa
when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent female
Bulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

19. Sexual Motivation Sexual Response Cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson
excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution

20. Sexual Motivation Refractory Period Sexual Disorder
resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
Sexual Disorder
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

21. Sexual Motivation Estrogen
a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males
in nonhuman females, levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

22. Sexual Motivation Testosterone most important of the male sex hormones
both males and females have it, but the extra testosterone in males stimulates growth of sex organs in the fetus and development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

23. Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation

24. Sexual Motivation
Births to unwed parents

25. Sexual Motivation Sexual Orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

26. Sexual Motivation

27. Sexual Motivation

28. Achievement Motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment
for mastery of things, people, or ideas
for attaining a high standard