1. CYCLING MATERIALS WITHIN THE ECOSYSTEM Ch. 6

2.  Conservation of matter – matter is recycled not created or destroyed. (forms: solid, liquid, gas)  In ecosystem matter recycled b/w organisms and abiotic environment  Biogeochemical cycles

3. Carbon .04% of atmosphere (as CO 2 ) and in all life (organic matter contains carbon)  Carbon sinks (reservoirs): atmospheric carbon dioxide, dissolved CO 2 in oceans, organic matter in soil, fossil fuels, some rock, calcium carbonate of ocean shelled organisms, biomass  CO 2 main greenhouse gas from human activities

4. Carbon cycle Geological cycle: limestone (calcium carbonate rock) dissolves from rainwater and washes carbon to ocean. Settles on sea floor, subducted under by plate tectonics. Heat and pressure releases CO 2 from rock  returned by volcanic eruptions. Biological cycle: air/water  plants via photosynthesis  used as fuel in cellular respiration  released in waste and decomposition

6. issues  Changing quantities in carbon sinks  Industrial revolution (~ 1850) – combustion of fossil fuels

7. NAME 3 WAYS CARBON GETS RETURNED TO THE ATMOSPHERE

8. Check for understanding  4 - I can explain to my peers how carbon cycles between living and nonliving matter and how humans influence the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.  3 - I understand how carbon cycles between living and nonliving matter and how humans influence the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.  2 - I understand how carbon cycles but I need more practice  1 - I am lost about the carbon cycle

9. NITROGEN  78% atm.  Commonly a limiting factor  Atm. Nitrogen (N 2 ) gets “fixed” into ammonia by bacteria in absence of oxygen. Ex: Rhizobium Nitrogen Fixation  Nitrification: Ammonia (NH 3 )  nitrite (NO 2 - )  nitrate (NO 3 - )  Plants assimilate nitrogen (various forms)  consumers. Living things use it for DNA and protein  Ammonification: Waste/dead body decompose back to ammonia (NH 3 )  Denitrification: nitrate (NO 3 - )  atm. Nitrogen (N 2 );

10. Issues  Fertilizers  into water ecosystems = algal growth  eutrophication  N2O: Greenhouse gas  N2O:Destroy ozone  Combustion of fossil fuels releases nitrogen and changes atm. N2 into nitrogen oxides. (NO)  Photochemical smog injures plant tissues, resp. problems, irritate eyes  React with H 2 O to form nitric acid (HNO 3 )  acid deposition – decreased surface water/soil pH (effects discussed later)

11. Check for understanding  4 - I can explain to my peers how nitrogen cycles between living and nonliving matter and how humans influence the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere and in aquatic biomes.  3 - I understand how nitrogen cycles between living and nonliving matter and how humans influence the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere and in aquatic biomes.  2 - I understand how nitrogen cycles but I need more practice  1 - I am lost about the nitrogen cycle

12. PHOSPHORUS  Not in atmosphere  Eroded from rocks by water  plants  consumers; decomposers return it to soil  Other sinks: ocean floor sediment

13. issues  Phosphate lost from land  Farm soil loses phosphate b/c plants shipped away. Then need phosphate fertilizer for plant growth.  Washed down toilets and exit as effluent into water ecosystems. My house

14. SULFUR  Tiny bit in atmosphere ; part of proteins; bacteria imp. in cycle  Major sinks: sedimentary rock and oceans  A little: Soil  plants  animals

15. issues  Sulfur dioxide/acid deposition:  Burning coal releases  Smelting of copper, lead, zinc  Improvements: scrubbers on smokestacks

16. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE  97% seawater; most fresh is frozen  Key terms: transpiration, watershed, runoff

17. issues  Dams  Aquifer depletion

18. Check for understanding  4 - I can explain to my peers how water, phosphorus, and sulfur cycle between living and nonliving matter and how humans influence the amount of these elements in the atmosphere, on land, and in aquatic biomes.  3 - I understand how water, phosphorus, and sulfur cycle between living and nonliving matter and how humans influence the amount of these elements in the atmosphere, on land, and in aquatic biomes  2 - I understand how water, phosphorus, and sulfur cycle, but I need more practice.  1 - I am lost about at least of the cycles – water, sulfur, phosphorus.