1. Unit 4 New Republic to an Expanding Nation

2. Section 1 – Timeline Review

3. Timeline Review 1775: Second Continental Congress –First met in response to the Intolerable Acts –Governed the U.S. for 6 years 1781: Articles of Confederation –Effective March 1 –Power to: Have an army Declare war Deal with Native Americans Start a mail service Borrow money Ask states for money to run national government

4. Timeline Review 1781: Articles of Confederation –Trouble right away No power to: –Tax people to raise money –Settle arguments between states –Control trade among states Large states angry that smaller states had same amount of power in Congress 1783: Treaty of Paris –Ended American Revolution

5. Timeline Review After the American Revolution, the U.S. suffered economic depression –Business activity slows –Prices and wages fall –Unemployment rises Shays’ Rebellion 1786 –Daniel Shays, leader Farmer, Amer. Rev. war captain –MA farmers protesting foreclosure attack courthouses –MA legislature sent in militia

6. The U.S. Grows Articles of Confederation said nothing about admitting new states to U.S. –Congress passed 2 laws 1 st law: Land Ordinance of 1785 –Set up a method of surveying or measuring land »One of most important items in the ordinance »Land was divided into townships »One section to be kept for schools »Still used in much of U.S. today –Northwest Territory (north of Ohio River, west of the Appalachians) and later land west of Mississippi River was measured this way

7. Land Ordinance of 1785 654321 789101112 181716*151413 192021222324 302928272625 313233343536 Township ______, Section ____, ______________

8. The U.S. Grows Articles of Confederation said nothing about admitting new states to U.S. –Congress passed 2 laws 2 nd law: Northwest Ordinance of 1787 –Organized Northwest Territory »Set up government & outlawed slavery »Provided for region to be divided into 3-5 separate territories in future –A new territory with population of 5,000 adult men could elect own lawmakers –When 60,000 free people live in a territory, it could ask Congress to become a state

9. The U.S. Grows Territory (definition) = land belonging to U.S. but not yet divided into states –People had same freedoms as others living in states Northwest Territory –Native Americans not happy –President Washington later sent several military forces to fight Native Americans

12. 2 Laws passed by Congress while under Articles of Confederation - REVIEW LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 –Set up a method of surveying or measuring land One of most important items in the ordinance Land was divided into townships One section to be kept for schools Still used in much of U.S. today –Northwest Territory (north of Ohio River, west of Appalachians) was measured this way NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 –Organized Northwest Territory Set up government & outlawed slavery Provided for region to be divided into 3-5 separate territories in future –A new territory with population of 5,000 adult men could elect own lawmakers –When 60,000 free people live in a territory, it could ask Congress to become a state

13. Timeline Review 1787: Constitutional Convention –In June, George Washington headed meeting of leaders in Philadelphia to improve Articles of Confederation –They decided instead to write a new plan for government –James Madison, historian

14. James Madison 1787 Constitutional Convention historian Father of U.S. Constitution

15. Timeline Review 1787: Constitutional Convention –Three-fifths (3/5) Compromise –Allowed slave trade for at least 20 years –On September 17, the new Constitution of U.S. was completed

16. Timeline Review 1787: Constitution –Federalists – supported the new Constitution Favored a strong national government James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay –Antifederalists – opposed the new Constitution Favored strong State governments Main argument was the Constitution had no Bill of Rights Most people were afraid the Constitution: –made national government too strong –made States too weak –gave President too much power

17. Timeline Review Bill of Rights –Written list of freedoms that government promises to protect

18. Wrote the Federalist Papers defending the Constitution James Madison Alexander Hamilton John Jay

19. Timeline Review 1787: Constitution –Thomas Jefferson suggested adding Bill of Rights To help protect rights of Americans –9 of 13 states had to ratify Constitution for it to become effective 1789: U.S. Constitution Ratified –Became the law –George Washington became 1 st President on April 30, 1789

20. George Washington John Adams 1 st President 1 st Vice President George Washington had great power, but not nearly as much as a king

21. The Articles of Confederation The Constitution Unicameral –Each state one vote 9 of 13 states approve laws No executive branch No judicial branch Only states can tax Each state can coin money Each state can regulate trade with other states Each state can act independently Bicameral –Senate and House of Reps Majority of each house approves laws Executive branch, headed by President, carries out laws Judicial branch, headed by Supreme Court, interprets laws Congress can tax Only Congress can coin money Only Congress can regulate trade between states States accept Constitution as supreme law of land

22. Section 2 – George Washington Administration 1789-1797

23. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Departments set up by Congress –State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary Handle relations with other nations –War Henry Knox, Secretary Handle military matters

24. 1789-1797 2009 Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Hillary Clinton Secretary of War Henry Knox Secretary of Defense Robert Gates

25. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Departments set up by Congress –Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary Handle money matters & raise money for government

26. 1789-1797 2009 Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton Timothy Geithner

27. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Cabinet – advisors in charge of departments set up by Congress

28. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Cabinet – advisors in charge of departments set up by Congress Cabinet (members) –Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State –Henry Knox – Secretary of War –Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of the Treasury –Edmund Randolph – Attorney General Handle legal matters

29. 1789-1797 2009 Attorney General Edmund Randolph Eric Holder

30. Alexander Hamilton Started Bank of U.S. Government debt –One of his biggest problems –Taxed liquor made & sold in U.S. Whiskey Rebellion 1794

31. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 For a nation to become great, its laws must be obeyed Whiskey Rebellion 1794 –First problem to challenge Washington –Farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax –Washington sent an army of 15,000 to Pennsylvania –Government’s show of strength worked & farmers paid the tax

32. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 1789 French Revolution –At first, most Americans wanted to support French –But when it turned radically violent, Americans became divided –Pres. Washington wanted to remain neutral He wanted to stay out of “squabbles” of European nations He issued the Neutrality Proclamation –U.S. would not support either side –Forbade Americans from aiding French in any way –Purpose: Keep U.S. out of war

33. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 July 1790 –Congress passed bill providing for new capital city Washington D.C. Not part of any state

34. Washington, D.C.

35. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Washington was President for 2 terms –In 1796, he said no one should be president more than twice – setting a precedent John Adams was elected 2 nd President Washington retired to his home in Mt. Vernon, Virginia

36. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Washington’s Farewell Address –Announced his retirement –Cautioned U.S. to “steer clear of permanent alliances” Otherwise, U.S. would get pulled into war –Urged U.S. to remain neutral in relations with other countries Warned Americans to avoid becoming involved in European affairs –This advice guided American foreign policy for many years –Urged Americans to avoid political parties

37. Section 3 Rise of Political Parties U.S. Growth & Expansion

38. Rise of Political Parties Grew up around 2 of Washington’s advisors –Alexander Hamilton Federalists –Thomas Jefferson Democratic Republicans

39. Hamilton & Jefferson & Federalists Democratic Republicans More power to Federal government Foreign policy –Close ties with Britain –Use Britain as model for U.S. Economy based on manufacturing Wealthy and well educated should lead nation More power to States Foreign policy –Close ties with France –Use France as model for U.S. Economy based on agriculture People should have political power

40. Rise of Political Parties Newspapers grow to meet demand for information –Take sides with political parties –Great influence on public opinion

41. John Adams – 2 nd President of U.S. 1 term: 1797-1801 Federalist Avoided war with France –American show of strength with navy Built up American navy –Raised taxes Vice President: Thomas Jefferson –Democratic Republican

42. 1800 Election Electors tie House of Representatives select Thomas Jefferson –End of Federalist era

43. Electoral College (textbook p. 261)

45. Thomas Jefferson – 3 rd President of U.S. 2 terms: 1801-1809 Democratic Republican 1803 Louisiana Purchase –Doubled size of U.S. –Most significant achievement of administration –Lewis & Clark Expedition

46. James Madison – 4 th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1809-1817 Democratic Republican 1807 Embargo Act –Stopped trade with England & France War of 1812 –First expansionist war for U.S. –2 nd war for independence

47. War of 1812 William Henry Harrison defeats Tecumseh (Shawnee Chief) –1811 Battle of Tippecanoe Marked the end of tribal confederacy

48. War of 1812 Causes –British impressment & seizure of ships & goods –Indian unrest in West, encouraged by British –“War Hawks” wanted Canada & Florida

49. War of 1812 British marched on Washington D.C. –Burned White House & Capitol Dolly Madison saved paintings & documents Battle of Fort McHenry –Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner”

50. War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent in 1814 ends war –Status quo ante bellum Each side retained territory held prior to war –Impressment issue left unsettled

51. War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans in 1815 –Before news of Treaty reached America –General Andrew Jackson defeats British 2,000 British killed 21 Americans died

52. Battle of New Orleans – Johnny Horton In 1814 we took a little trip Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip. We took a little bacon and we took a little beans And we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans. [Chorus:] We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' on Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We looked down the river and we see'd the British come. And there must have been a hundred of'em beatin' on the drum. They stepped so high and they made the bugles ring. We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing. [Chorus] Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise If we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em in the eye We held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well. Then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave 'em... Well [Chorus] Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.** We fired our cannon 'til the barrel melted down. So we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round. We filled his head with cannon balls, and powdered his behind And when we touched the powder off, the gator lost his mind. [Chorus] Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

53. War of 1812 Effects (or results) –Often called the Second War of Independence –Marked end of U.S. economic dependence on Britain –First great step in moving from agrarian nation to industrial giant

55. Industrial Revolution – Early 1800s Machines replaced hand tools New sources of power replaced human & animal power –Steam & electricity Shift from farming to manufacturing –People began moving from farms to cities Rise in immigration

56. Industrial Revolution Factories –Owners mostly hired women & children –12 hours/day, 6 days/week –Competition led to poor working conditions & low wages Growing cities –Hazards –Attractions

57. Growing Cities (Concept Map) Hazards Attractions

58. James Monroe – 5 th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1817-1825 Democratic Republican Era of Good Feelings Monroe Doctrine Missouri Compromise Missouri History

59. Monroe Doctrine Foreign policy statement –U.S. will not interfere in affairs of European nations or their colonies –Warned European nations not to interfere with independent nations in Western Hemisphere –Cornerstone of American foreign policy for rest of 19 th century

60. James Monroe – 5 th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1817-1825 Democratic Republican Era of Good Feelings Monroe Doctrine Missouri Compromise Missouri History

61. 1824 Election – 4 Candidates 1 st mud-slinging election William Crawford John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay

62. John Quincy Adams – 6 th President of U.S. 1 term: 1825-1829 National Republican Party

63. 1828 Election Bitter contest between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson 1830s –Two new political parties grew out of J.Q. Adams and A. Jackson conflict Whigs: People who supported Adams’ programs for national growth –Wanted government to spur the economy Democrats: Jackson supporters –Roots of today’s Democratic Party