1. The Endocrine System Controls many body functions
exerts control by releasing hormones into the bloodstream that are then delivered to cells
Hormones aid in cell communication and helps regulate cell function
Hormones affect other endocrine glands or body systems
Works with the nervous system
Hormones can promote or inhibit nerve
impulses
Derives its name from the fact that various glands release hormones directly into the blood, which in turn transports the hormones to target tissues via ducts
Hormones are special chemical substances that are released in one part of the body and affect the activities of cell in another part of the body. They assist in cell to cell communication and help to coordinate the functions of cells
Response to an endocrine signal occurs within minutes to hours
The nervous system can stimulate or inhibit hormone release

2. Hormones
Circulating hormones pass from the cells that make them into interstitial fluid
Circulating hormones only affect the target cells
They bind to particular receptors that are only found on the specific target cells

3. Local Hormones act on neighboring cells or the same cell that made it
Local hormones do not enter the bloodstream

4. Hormones Lipid soluble hormones Water soluble hormones
Steroid hormones
Sex hormones
Prostaglandins
Estrogen & Testosterone
Regulate salt
Regulate blood pressure
Hormones come in two molecular structures
Who remembers what they are? – lipid soluble and the proteins fall into the water soluble category
Lipid soluble include steroids, your thyroid hormones, and a specialized class of hormones called prostiglandins.
Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol and include the sex hormones and hormones produced by the adrenal cortex like mineralocorticoids that are important in regulating the salt content of the blood. Prostaglandins are produced by virtually all cell membranes and act locally. They can for instance increase blood pressure by acting a vasoconstrictors
The water soluble hormones include the amine, the peptide, and the protein hormones.
The amine hormones are those derived from the amino acid tyrosine and they include your Thyroid hormones which are the body’s major metabolic hormones. Peptide hormones include those that regulate digestion and prorein hormones include insulin which regulated blood sugar levels.
Water soluble hormones
Amine hormones
Peptide hormones
Protein hormones
Regulate digestion
Metabolism
Regulate blood sugar

5. The Endocrine System Two types of glands Reproduction
Exocrine glands – secrete their hormones to target tissues via ducts.
Endocrine glands - secrete their hormones into interstitial fluid
Reproduction
Growth & development
Consists of several glands located in various parts of the body.
There are two types of glands in this system
Exocrine glands include sweat, digestive, mucous, and oil glands
Endocrine glands include pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
Hormones regulate body functions like metabolism, energy balance, immune system, digestion. Hormones control growth and development and govern the operation of reproductive systems.
Why do we sweat – we wouldn’t sweat without the help of the glands in the endocrine system.
Hormones are essential in maintaining homeostasis.
Metabolism
Energy balance
Immune system
Digestion

6. The Endocrine System
Thymus gland
The main glands or organs associated with the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas testes, and ovaries

7. Hypothalmus The hypothalamus is the “master” of the pituitary gland
The hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary telling it to secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream these hormones go to other organs (glands) directing them
The hypothalamus is the “master” of the pituitary gland

8. Pituitary
The Pituitary Gland is divided into two areas
structurally and functionally different
each area has separate types of hormone production.
The pituitary gland hangs from a stalk coming off the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland is the one that send the signals to the other organs in the endocrine system to stimulate them to increase or decrease production.
The gland is composed of two lobes the anterior and the posterior.
Where is the anterior lobe located? – the front
So the posterior is … in the back
The hypothalmus and pituitary glands are the major link between the nervous and the endocrine system.
Secretes hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls functions of other glands
Major connection between endocrine & nervous system

9. Pituitary ~ TSH
TSH is produced by the anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid to produce and secrete it’s hormones. The thyroxine regulates metabolic rate.
What is the metabolic rate? The rate at which glucose is burned for energy
Why might it be important that the rate be regulated? There are time when more energy is required by the cells.
The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones

10. Pituitary ~ Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary. Growth hormone is a general metabolic hormone with its major effects on directing the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of the body. It plays and important role in determining final body size. It also causes fats to be broken down for energy rather than glucose, this helps to maintain blood sugar homeostasis.
Growth hormone (hGH)
Growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of body, builds protein, stimulates cells to grow and divide, breaks down fats

11. Folicle stimulating hormone & Luteinizing hormone
Pituitary ~ FSH & LH
Both FSH and LH are produced by the anterior pituitary. FSH signals the ovaries to ripen an egg and LH signals the ovaries to release the ripened egg aa well as stimulates sperm production in the testes.
Folicle stimulating hormone & Luteinizing hormone
stimulate maturation & release of eggs from ovary, Stimulates sperm production

12. Pituitary ~ OT & PRL Oxytocin (OT) (the natural form of pitocin)
Prolactin is produced by the anterior pituitary and signals the mamary glands and oxytocin is produced by the posterior pituitary and signals the uterus
Oxytocin (OT) (the natural form of pitocin)
stimulates uterine contractions during labor,
causes “let down” of milk from the breast.
Prolactin (PRL)
Initiates milk production from mammary glands

13. Pituitary ~ ACTH & ADH Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones that increases blood sugar
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Causes the kidneys to reabsorb water from the forming urine and adding it back to the blood
ACTH is produced by the anterior pituitary and ADH is produced by the posterior pituitary
ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands and ADH works on the kidneys
When might it be important to increase blood sugar? – if it has dropped below normal range, if there is demand for an increase in energy
When might it be important to put water back into the blood stream?
In higher doses ADH constricts the small arteries which raises the blood pressure. For this reason it is some times referred to as vasopressin
Drinking Alcoholic beverages inhibits ADH secretion and results in the output of large amounts of urine. The dry mouth and intense thirst experienced “the morning after” is a result.

14. Thyroid Lies in the anterior neck just below the larynx
Calcitonin
Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited in the bones
Show me where your thyroid gland is. When you go to the Dr and he or she palpates your neck right there, it is your thyroid gland that is being examined.
Two lobes, located on either side of the trachea, connected by a narrow band of tissue called the isthmus.
Three important hormones are produced by the thyroid – calcitonin which regulates calcium levels in the blood, and thyroxine and triiodothyronine .
Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)
When stimulated (by TSH or by cold), these are released
 the metabolic rate, important for normal tissue growth and development esp reproductive and nervous systems

15. Parathyroid
Small, pea-shaped glands, located in the neck near the thyroid
Usually 4 - number can vary
Produce parathyroid hormone -  level of calcium in blood
Where the thyroid’s production of calcitonin decreases the levels of calcium in the blood the parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels by removing calcium from the bones

16. Islets of Langerhans - include 3 cell types:
Pancreas
Located in the folds of the duodenum
Both endocrine and exocrine functions
Secretes several key digestive enzymes
Duodenum
Islets of Langerhans - include 3 cell types:
alpha ( ) release glucagon, essential for controlling blood glucose levels.
beta () release insulin (antagonistic to glucagon).
delta () produce somatostatin, which inhibits both glucagon and insulin
The Islets of Langerhans deals with the endocrine functions of the pancreas. There are three cell types involved each produces a different hormone all dealing with glucose levels in the blood
When blood glucose levels fall, Alpha  cells increase the amount of glucagon in the blood The surge of glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose stores (from glycogen and additional storage sites). Also, glucagon stimulates the liver to manufacture glucose
Insulin  the rate at which various body cells take up glucose. Thus, insulin lowers the blood glucose level

17. Adrenal glands Adrenal Medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex secretes 3 classes of steroidal hormones – gluticocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and Androgens
2 small glands that sit atop both kidneys. Each has 2 divisions, each with different functions.
The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine aka adrenalin and norepinephrine or noradrenaline. These hormone do all kinds of things to assist the nervous which help you cope with stressful situations system like the fight or flight response
Gluticocorticoids,  the level of glucose in the blood released in response to stress, injury, or serious infection - like the hormones from the adrenal medulla
Mineralocorticoids: work to regulate the concentration of potassium and sodium in the body.
Androgens are the sex hormones estrogen, progesterone and testosterone and they help regulate reproduction

18. Gonads & Ovaries
The Ovaries are located in the abdominal cavity adjacent to the uterus.
Under the control of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary they manufacture
estrogen
protesterone
The Testes are located in the scrotum
Under the control of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary they manufacture
sperm
testosterone
The endocrine glands associated with the reproductive systems of males and females – the gonads produce sperm and the ovaries produce eggs.
Estrogen and Progesterone have several functions, including sexual development and preparation of the uterus for implantation of the egg.
Testosterone promotes male growth and masculinization

19. Homeostatic Imbalance
Growth hormone imbalance
Thyroxin imbalance
If the pituitary gland is not functioning properly, homeostasis can not be maintained which causes a whole host of problems
Producing too much or too little growth hormone is a disorder of the pituitary gland. Too much is gigantism and too little can result in Pituitary dwarfism. This is Robert Wadlow he was 8 foot 10 inches and still growing when he died at the age of 22.
If the thyroid id over stimulated and produces too much thyroxine Graves disease may develop – some symptoms may include enlarged thyroid gland, bulging eyes, rapid heart rate, and intolerance of heat

20. Neural and Hormonal Controls
Pituitary is
signaled
Hypothalmus
Pituitary
releases
ADH
When your blood pressure and blood osmolarity (a fancy way of saying the salt content in your blood) increases beyond the normal range, your hypothalmus senses it and signals the pituitary, the pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone which signals the kidneys to hold on to water. This cause you to decrease your urine output, your urine becomes more concentrated and you become thirsty. Your kidneys put the extra water into your bloodstream which does what to the salt concentration? And causes your blood pressure to come down. When your blood pressure get to the set point the hypothalmus will receive the signal, contact the pituitary, the pituitary will shut off the ADH, the kidneys will release the water, your urine output will increase and your blood pressure will remain normal
Increased blood pressure
Blood pressure decreases
Kidneys hold on to water

21. Effector  Response OR act as a Stimulus  Receptor
Receptor  Effector
Effector  Response OR act as a Stimulus  Receptor
Adrenal gland
Kidney
When blood osmolarity and blood pressure are low JuxtaGlomerular Apparatus which is part of the kidney releases renin which activates angiotensinogen. Angiotensinogen is an inactive protein but in this process is activated, becoming angiotensin (zymogen). The angiotensin constricts blood vessels and triggers the aldosterone which increases the absorption of salt and water in the kidneys. As the salt and water is taken out of the blood the blood pressure increases.
Take a look at this and I need a volunteer to come up and match one of these parts of the feedback cycle [STIMULUS; RECEPTOR; EFFECTOR; RESPONSE] with the correct action
JuxtaGlomerular Apparatus