Modernism and intellectual issues at the end of the Victorian period

Modernism and intellectual issues at the end of the Victorian period
Marty Robinson

The Crimean War (1853-1856) Causes: Events: Peace Settlement
Continuing Expansion of Russia into Black Sea 1828: Gained Armenia 1829: Got Black Sea Coast of Caucasus and mouth of Danube Religious Tension: Russia claimed to be the protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire Upset when Turks gave France authority over Religious shrines Events: 1853: Russians, under Nicholas I, invade Moldavia and Wallachia Turks declare WAR 1854: Britain and France declare War on Russia Austria and Prussia remain neutral Britain and France intervene because of fear of Russian expansion into greater Europe 1855: March- Nicholas I dies Battle of Sevastopol- Russians are conquered by the British and French Alexander II, seeks peace Peace Settlement Treaty of Paris (1856) : Russians acknowledge neutrality of the Black Sea and Danube Revokes its claim to be the protector of the Christians EFFECTS: Concert System is DEAD, Russia is WEAK, Ottoman Empire is a JOKE

Italian Unification: The Planning
1848 and its Aftermath Roman Republic established in 1848 by Giuseppe Mazzini and Garibaldi Failed after Napoleon III sent in troops in 1848 Divided Italy into 3 Regions Kingdom of Two Sicilies in the South Papal States in the Center Small Austrian States in the North Also included independent Sardinia Piedmont Piedmont and Camillo Cavour Piedmont kept its liberal constitution, Statuo of 1848 Cavour became Prime Minister under King Victor Emanuel II in 1852: his goal was to unite North and South Italy in a liberal constitutional monarchy, under Victor Cavour modernized Piedmont through financial and industrial reforms To get on France’s good side, he sent 10,000 troops to help France. Gave aid to Italian National Society 1858: Secret Meeting and Plombieres: Cavour and Napoleon III made a deal: France’s aid in a Revolution for France getting Nice and Savoy in the Peace Settlement

Italian Unification: The Events
April 1859: Austro-Sardinian War Piedmont forces win decisive battles early on Napoleon gets nervous about the reaction of Catholics and goes back on his deal with Cavour Peace of Villafranca (1859) Austria cedes Lombardy to Piedmont Keeps Venetia Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romanga unite with Piedmont in 1859 Napoleon gets Nice and Savoy anyway Problems with the South and Center Garibaldi (the old Revolutionary) and the Red Shirts conquer Sicily and Naples Cavour fears the radical republican government proposed by Garibaldi and takes Rome Garibaldi agrees to cede the Sicilies to Piedmont The Kingdom of Italy, with Victor Emanuel II as King Proclaimed March 17, 1861; Creates a Liberal Constitution After the Seven Week’s War(1866), Italy got Venetia After the Franco-German War in 1870, they got Rome Problems of Unification North(Industrial) and South(Agricultural) Economies are incompatible Clerics in the Vatican oppose unification; retreat to Vatican City Too many political parties Tranformismo-bribes, favors “transform” opponents into friends Trent and Trieste remain a part of Austria

German Unification: The Planning
1848 and Its Aftermath German Confederation was dominated by Austria, which was dominated by Metternich Burschenshaften created a system of repression by Austria Bismarck and Prussia Otto Von Bismarck ( ), was a Prussian Junker who became Premier Minister of Prussia under William I Opposed parliamentary government, but wanted a constitutional monarchy- “blood and iron” Landtag, Prussian parliament, opposed new taxes, but Bismarck collected them anyway and reformed the Army Schleswig-Holstein Affair (1864) Danish King ruled both provinces, annexed Schleswig in 1863 Bismarck made an alliance with Austria, defeated the Danish Convention of Gastein (1865) Prussia occupied Schleswig and Austria occupied Holstein Bismarck Builds Alliances 1863- Supports Russia in suppressing a Polish Revolt October Secret meeting with Napoleon III- agrees to stay neutral in an Austro-Prussian Conflict 1866- Secret Treaty with Italy- in Return for Italian Aid, they would get Venetia

German Unification: The Events
Seven Weeks War (1866) Prussia accused Austria of violating the Convention of Gastein Defeats Austria at Konniggratz Treaty of Prague (1866): Austria loses Venetia to France, Hapsburgs are excluded from German affairs, Prussia gains Schleswig-Holstein, Some Northern states are annexed Problems with the North German Confederation Established by Prussia in 1867 Catholic Liberals from the South give in to Bismarck after he grants Universal Manhood Suffrage Other Foreign Issues Hohenzollern Conflict: Spain offers crown to Leopold, a relative of William I French are upset; meet with William, who agrees to withdraw Leopold 1870: French ambassador meets with William I at EMS. Telegram is intercepted and released The Franco German War ( ) EMS telegram causes Napoleon III to declare War on Prussia Battle of Sedan (1870) Prussia defeats French and kidnaps Napoleon September 1, Because of the Treaty of Prague, rest of German Confederation joins with Germany May 10, Treaty of Frankfurt ends the War French give up Alsace and Lorraine and have to pay 5 billion francs

France: The Third Republic
Napoleon III: The Liberal Empire By late 1860’s Napoleon relaxed press censorship and allowed labor unions 1870’s he allowed a liberal constitution BUT he had foreign problems: Supported a disastrous military regime in Mexico in 1866 Franco-Prussian War in 1870 led to the end of the empire Napoleon was kidnapped and then allowed to go to England, where he died in 1873. Paris Commune Radicals proclaimed a new government after Sedan 1871-Monarchists won a majority in the National Assembly In response, Radicals overthrew the government and proclaimed the Paris Commune Marxists declared it a proletarian revolution May 1871 Adolphe Thiers leads troops into the city and overthrows the commune, killing 20,000 Third Republic Loyalty in the National assembly was divided between monarchists who supported the House of Orleans and House of Bourbons 1875- came to a stalemate; decided to regularize the political system instead: Chamber of Deputies elected by Universal Male Suffrage Senate indirectly elected President elected by the two houses

Problems of the Third Republic
Because no party held a majority, had to form coalition cabinets 1880’s: Government established Secular schools, and expelled the Jesuits Upset the Catholic Church Clergy 1905-Catholic Church formally ended the Concordat of 1801, officially separating Church and State. 1889: Georges Boulanger tried to do a coup d’etat, but failed. Monarchists lost support Dreyfus Affair Army court marshaled Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer, for spying In 1896the head of the French Intelligence, Picquard, accused another officer, who was acquitted. Picquard also revealed that the documents of evidence were forged Was really a political conflict of anti-semitism. Emile Zola wrote a famous newspaper article, J’Accuse, accusing the government of conspiracy Public outrage led the president to pardon Dreyfus 1905- Jean Juares and Jules Guesde formed the United Socialist party.

Victorian Reforms in Great Britain
Under Benjamin Disraeli in Conservative; wanted to pass a reform bill before the liberals could Reform Bill of 1867 Franchise given to Urban Workers Some redistribution in he House of Commons Under William Gladstone ( ) “Great Ministry” of Gladstone Major Reforms 1870: Civil Service reform: examinations required Education Bill of 1870: financial support to non-religious and religious schools 1871: Unions legalized Ballot Act of 1872: Australian or “secret” ballot Economic policy remained laissez-faire Disraeli Returns: “TORY DEMOCRACY” Program to benefit working class Factory Act regulated work hours Public Health Act gave state power in urban sanitation Artisans Dwelling Act- slum clearance and housing construction Legalized picketing by Unions Gladstone Returns REFORM BILL OF 1884: franchise to farm workers

Foreign Problems and More Reforms
The Irish Problem Since 1801, Ireland was ruled by Great Britain Irish Catholics in the House of Commons wanted Home Rule; opposed by the Ulsters in N. Ireland Gladstone tried to pass Home Rule in 1886 and 1893, but it failed 1914: Home Rule passed Protestants in Ulster organize a militia Irish nationals also organize a militia Socialism in Great Britain Labor Unions join with Fabian Society in 1900 to form Labor Party Fabian Society Formed in 1883; Leaders were Sidney and Beatrice Webb, George Bernard Shaw, and HG Wells Gradual approach to Socialism ,eventually public ownership of the means of production and distribution Labor Party won 29 seats in 1906; continued to grow More Liberal Liberals Led by PMs Henry Campbell-Bannernam and Herbert Asquith Major Reforms 1906: Workmen’s Compensation Act- aid to workers injured on the job 1909: Old Age Pensions Act- pensions for low-income citizens over 70 Parliamentary Act of 1911: House of Lords could not refuse to pass a money bill if Commons passed it 3X Higher income taxes for the wealthy and increased inheritance taxes 1911- Salaries to the House of Commons 1911: National Insurance Act- 1912: Minimum Wage Law

Russia under Alexander II (1855-1881)
Domestic Reforms Emancipation of Serfs Emancipation Edict of 1861 Serfs got some land, which landowners were compensated for Ex-Serfs, Peasants, had to pay redemption dues for 49 years Land was inadequate, and discontent continued Rural Zemstovs1864 Authorized to levy local taxes, establish and operate schools and orphanages, build and maintain roads, and promote health Elected under Three-Tier Voting System: Landowners, Townspeople, Peasants Rich were over represented Municipal Dumas- 1870 Like Rural Zemstovs, except in cities and towns Judicial Reforms- 1864 Equality before the Law New Court System Trial By Jury and Public Trial Military Reforms 1874 Universal requirement to be drafted Draft term reduced from 29 to 6 years Foreign Affairs 1863: Revolution in Poland- crushed by Russia with Prussian support (Bismark) Got Manchuria and North Persia and Afghanistan Agitation and Revolt Populism expanded Agreed to create an advisory committee right before he got assassinated

Alexander III (1881-1894) Nicholas II (1894-1917) Autocrat
Secret Police Vyacheslav Plehve was head Used Censorship and Crushed Revolutions Religious Increased Control over Education Russification of minorities and Poles increased Economic and Social Restrictions on Jews Pogroms, Riots, started Nicholas II ( ) Spread the Industrial Revolution Industry under Sergei Witte Put Russia on Gold Standard Started Construction of Trans-Siberian Railroad: Moscow to Vladisvostok Agriculture continued to be backward Socialism Marxists organized the Russian Social Democratic Party under Piekhanov Split into Two Parties: Mensheviks- moderate Bolsheviks- revolutionary under Lenin

Nicholas II: Discontent
Revolution of 1905 Bloody Sunday (Jan 1905)- troops fired on a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg Nicholas issued the October Manifesto: Promised Constitution, Civil Liberties, and the Duma Nicholas wrote Fundamental Laws- a “constitution” Tsar had control over financial and foreign affairs Could Dissolve Duma and Rule without it when it wasn’t in Session Cabinet Ministers were responsible to the Tsar, not the Duma Conservative Upper House, The Council of State, had to pass Duma Laws Political Parties: Socialists: Mensheviks, Bolsheviks, and Social Revolutionaries Middle Class Liberals: Octobrists and Cadets (who wanted more reforms) Duma First elected in 1906, and dissolved as soon as it opposed Nicholas Second Duma in 1907 Agrarian Reform Act allowed peasant to gain title to their land Dissolved Third Duma: New electoral laws increased conservative representation No further reforms, discontent eventually led to the 1917 revolution Personal Problems Listened to his German Wife, Alexandra, to the point where she had more power than he. Rasputin, “Priest” to Alexander IV, had too much influence

Themes of the Second Industrial Revolution
Rapid Expansion Emphasis on Steel, Chemicals, Electricity, and Oil Made Possible by the Railroad Mass Production of Consumer Goods changed work and leisure patterns Required Financial Capital, Infrastucture, Capital Equipment

Second Industrial Revolution
Henry Bessemer invented the Bessemer system to produce steel in mass quantities By 1913, GB, France, Belgium, and Germany produced 32M tons Solway process of Alkali production Allowed the recovery of more chemical by-products Used to make fabric dyes and laundry soap Science began to be used in the making of consumer goods Electrical energy replaced coal Plants could be built anywhere 1881- First Power plant in Great Britain Automobile invented in 1886 by Gottlieb Daimler Produced first significant demand for oil. Communication technology greatly increases 1876- Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone 1895-Wireless telegraphy

The New Middle Class Middle Class, not aristocracy, became the arbiter of consumer tastes Middle Class re-divided into three groups: Most prosperous- owners and managers of businesses and banks Krupp family of Germany Middle Middle Class Small entrepenuers and professionals- shopkeepers, schoolteachers, librarians Had private homes, furniture, pianos, pictures, books, journals, education, and vacations Petit Bourgeoisie “White collar” workers- secretaries, retail clerks, lower-level beaurocrats Spent much of their income on stylish clothing and furniture

Urban Life and Housing Reforms
About 50% of the population in Western Europe lived in cities LED TO REDISIGN Paris Led by George Haussman, commissioned by Napoleon III Broad Boulevards, parks, and new buildings Subway construction began in 1895 Eiffel Tower built in 1889 Suburbs Middle class built apartments and houses outside of the city Separated Work and Home Sanitation Issues Science led to the discovery that Cholera was caused by poor hygiene Books linked the issues of bad living conditions and public health Led to the Creation of Sewer systems Also led to legislation that allowed Government to condemn unsafe areas Public Health Act of 1848 (GB) Melun Act of 1851 (FR) Housing Reform More and more people began to associate the violence of the poor with bad housing…reforms begun but not fully until after WW1.

Ante-Bellum Women’s Issues
Problems Couldn’t Own Property Laws required women to “give obedience” to their husbands Divorce was hard to get, especially by a woman Women had less education, could not attend college Partial Progress 1882 Married Women’s Property Act- allowed women to own property After 1857 Divorce allowed in Great Britain After 1884, Divorce made legal in France University of Zurich admitted women in 1860s Cambridge and Oxford- women weren’t allowed to earn degrees until the 1920’s New Jobs School teaching became a women’s job Typewriters and telephone receptions, secretaries, clerks and shop assistants Women still earned far less than men, and few married women worked Cult of Domesticity Woman symbolized her husband’s worldly success Married Women were expected to do charity work and pray Home was to be a “refuge” for the husband Political Feminism Great Britain- Millicent Fawcett founded the National Union Emmeline Prankhurst was much more radical, led the Women’s Social and Political Union France- Hubertine Auclert organized the National Council of French women Germany Union of German Women’s Organizations Women could only vote in Norway (1907)

Modernism: intellectual and artist
Before 1870: Reason, science, rational, universe, optimism and progress With second IR higher living standard, material good, consumption, urban improvement, mass education, higher income BUT New view, a transformation that appealed to the irrational, alternative views of human nature, radically innovative forms of literary and artistic expression, shattered old beliefs, challenged the physical universe run by nature laws

Intellectual Modernism
Auguste Comte ( ) Developed doctrine of Positivism Said that humanity had passed through two stages of civilization, the religious and metaphysical and was entering the positive God would be rejected in this stage Father of Sociology Charles Darwin ( ) On the Origin of Species (1859) stated the theory of natural selection-”survival of the fittest” The Descent of Man (1871) applied evolution to humans Social Darwinism Thomas Huxley ( )- strong supporter of Darwin’s theory, attacked everyone who questioned it Herbert Spencer ( ) Synthetic Philosophy applied natural selection to life and society, supported laissez-faire Racism Count Arthur de Gobineau ( )- asserted the superiority of the Aryan race Houston Stuart Chamberlin ( ) Denounced Jews, saying that they tainted the pure white blood

Religious Modernism Rejection of Jesus and the Bible
David Friedrich Strauss wrote Life of Jesus (1836) rejected the divinity of Jesus Ernest Renan wrote Life of Jesus (1863) rejected that Jesus had performed miracles or been raised from the dead Reactions of the Church Protestants split into fundamentalist and liberal camps Jews split into Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform Roman Catholic Reaction Pope Pius IX Syllabus of Errors condemned materialism, liberalism, freedom of speech, secular education and civil marriage Called the First Vatican Council in 1870-proclaimed papal infallibility Pope Leo XIII Advocated social and economic reform Accepted evolution as a scientific theory Opposed socialism, thought employers should take care of their workers.I

Scientific Modernism Atoms and Electrons Radiation
John Dalton- chemical elements were distinguished by their atomic weight Dmitri Mendeleyev ( ) published the periodic table Joseph Thompson and Hendrik Lorentz showed atoms are composed of electrons Ernest Rutherford ( ) devised the atomic theory, that electrons revolve around the nucleus Radiation Wilhelm von Roentgen discovered X-Rays (1895) Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered Radium (1898) Max Planck ( ) Quantum Theory- atoms absorb and release energy as quanta Uncertainty Principle- impossible to know both the speed and location of a particle Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity- space and time are relative E=mc^2: small mass could produce a lot of energy (basis for atomic theory) matter is energy

Psychological Modernism
Arthur Schopenhauer The World as Will and Idea- driving force in humans is the will to survive Friedrich Nietzsche The Birth of Tragedy (1872), Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883), Beyond Good and Evil (1886) Will provides man with meaning Denounced Christianity because of its “slave morality” Superman Ivan Pavlov Behaviourism- conditioned reflexes Sigmund Freud Importance of dreams and the unconscious mind Behavior is controlled by unconscious drives Developed Psychoanalysis and Dream analyzation

Artistic Modernism Impressionism Post-Impressionism Fauvism Cubism
Immediate sense impressions of reality Manet, Degas, Sisley, Monet, Renoir Post-Impressionism Showed the expressive possibilities of form and color Cezanne, Gaughin, van Gogh Fauvism Bold and discordant colors: Henri Matisse Cubism Applied geometric approach to the portrayal of the human figure: Picasso Sculpture Rodin introduced impressionism into sculpture: The Thinker Musical Romanticism Tchaikovsky Musical Nationalism Influenced by local folk music Dvorak (czech), Grieg(Norway), Sibelius (Finland) Dissonance Igor Stravinsky- ballets Petrushka, The Rite of Spring Attonality Arnold Schoenberg used 12 tone scale.

Imperialism Motives: Great Britain Created new markets for goods
Safe sources of raw materials Higher profit from investments Tax revenues Place for the growing population to go Social Darwinism- help the uncivilized Nationalism New Army and Navy Ports Deflect Public Interest from Domestic Issues Great Britain Old Colonies and their troubles Canada- greater self government after The British North America Act of 1867 Cape Colony- Boer conflict. Great Trek ( ), Boers established the Orange Free State and Transvaal India- Great Mutiny in 1857 led to direct British control over India China- Opium War of 1842, annexed Hong Kong and opened 16 ports Expansion Egypt Disraeli bought 44% of Suez Canal Protectorate over Egypt in 1882 South Africa- Boer War of , GB united all of South Africa Asia Russians withdrew from Afghanistan 1884-New Guinea partitioned 1891- Borneo partitioned

Suez Canal In 1854 the Egyptian government allowed a French company to build a canal across the Suez isthmus. Egypt was given over half the shares in the venture Construction began in 1858 101 miles long Built mostly by forced labor of poor Egyptians Completed in 1869

In an effort to get out of financial ruin, the Egyptian government sold
its shares of the canal to Britain in 1875. By 1882, Britain took control over the administration of Egypt and Sudan.

Berlin Conference Otto von Bismarck, Imperial Chancellor of the German Empire, convened the conference in 1884 to peacefully divide up Africa. 13 nations of Europe plus the United States were invited to participate in the talks. No African nations were invited France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were the main European power brokers. The United States played a role, but its interests were in the Pacific realm, not Africa.

Central Africa Congo Free State
The treaties gave King Leopold II of Belgium personal control over the lands in the Congo River valley Leopold announced that he would end the slave trade in the region Stanley met with local leaders and signed treaties on behalf of the Belgian king

West Africa Several of the colonies in the region began as lands owned by a private British firm, for example the Gold Coast and Nigeria Sierra Leone was a refuge for former slaves after Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 Ruled indirectly through local leaders

West Africa Portuguese British French

French in west Africa Colonies were ruled directly and linked with the government in Paris Assimilated upper class Africans in French culture and language Difficult at first to acquire wealth from the region because it was either desert without any natural resources or covered with dense forest that was difficult to gain access

South Africa

In 1652 the Dutch East India Company established a settlement near Cape Town to provide supplies for passing ships. Within a few decades there were also German and French settlers. They established farms and later were called Boers (Dutch for farmer). The Dutch East India Company imported slaves and expanded their territory inland.

Several African groups inhabited Southern Africa
Many wars were fought between European settlers and Africans over territory through the 18th century The British seized the region from Dutch control in 1795 British settlers clashed with the Boers especially over slavery, which the British outlawed in 1833

Approximately 12,000 Boer frontier farmers, known as the Voortrekkers, migrated northeast to escape British authority The Boers fought several battles against various local groups, especially the Zulus They set up three colonies known as Natal, Orange Free State, and Transvaal

Boers called themselves Afrikaners and did not see themselves as European. They were not subjects of the British crown and did not want to come under British control. Warfare between the British and Afrikaners was caused by British expansion into Boer territory and Afrikaner fear of British domination. The Great Boer War lasted from

Cecil Rhodes British statesman Cecil Rhodes ( ) helped secure British dominance of southern Africa. Rhodes arrived in the Cape Colony in 1870 and by 1890 he controlled the region’s diamond production. His company, De Beers Mining Company, eventually controlled 90% of the world’s diamond production.

Rhodesia

Carving up Africa was “carved up” in the following fashion:
French West Africa British East and Southern Africa Belgians Congo/Central Africa Portuguese colonies in West & Southern Africa Germans one colony per region

Imperialism Continued
France African expansion: 1881-Tunisia, protectorate over Morocco, Senegal Guinea, Ivory Coast, Madagascar Asian Expansion Indochina. In 1896 Britain and France established Siam as a buffer state Germany 1884-Togoland and Cameroons, Southwest Africa 1885-German East Africa Belgium : Berlin Conference gave Congo Free State to Leopold II Italy Tried to get Ethiopa, but failed in 1896 Portugal/Spain Guinea and Mozambique Conflicts FASHODA CRISIS (ANGLO-FRENCH IN SUDAN) 1898: No war, French yields Sudan to GB SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1895: Japan wins, but Russia, Germany, and France intervene, forcing the Japanese to accept Korean independence and lease out Manchuria RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904-Japan attacks Russian forces because of their continued expansion into Manchuria 1905-Treaty of Portsmouth-Russia retains influence over Manchuria, Japan annexes Korea in 1910

Europe Before WW1 Tensions
Germany’s Bismarck was the peace-maker 1872- Bismarck starts the Three Emperors Leaugue Germany, Austria, and Russia form the Dreikaiserbund They pledge to uphold the status quo Bismarck as a Peacemaker in the Russo-Turkish War Events of the War 1876: Revolution in Bulgaria vs. Ottomans results in massacre 1877:Serbia and Montenegro respond by declaring war on the Ottoman Empire 1877: Russians go to war with the Ottomans, as slavic protector Treaties 1878: Treaty of San Stefano Established the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Rumunia Large autonomy to Bulgaria, under Russian domination Turks give Caucasus land to Russia 1878: Congress of Berlin- Result of Tensions btwn Russia and GB Bismarck is the “honest broker” New Treaty confirmed the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Rumunia, and the Russian land gains The size of Bulgaria was reduced Turks would still have control of Macedonia Austria controlled Bosnia and Herzegovnia Great Britain controlled Cyprus 1897: Austro-Russian tensions lead to a formal dual alliance and a Reinsurance treaty between Russia and Ger 1882: Italy joins the alliance secretly

After Bismarck: The Road to WW1
1890: Bismarck Dismissed Emperor William II wanted to expand Germany 1890: William II doesn’t renew the Re-insurance Treaty New Alliances form 1894: Franco-Russian Alliance 1904: Entente Cordial: France supported British dominance in Europe Britain supported French dominance in Morocco 1902: French-Italian Alliance Italy promises to help France in Morocco in exchange for influence in North Africa 1905: First Moroccan Crisis Events of the War 1905: William II went to Tangier and spoke in support of Moroccan independence 1906: Algeciras Conference Germans could garner support from nobody but Austria Strengthening of New Alliances 1907: Anglo-Russian Entente Recognized Russian influence in North Persia Recognized British Influence in South Persia Russia to withdraw from Afghanistan Tibet to remain neutral Triple Entente established

Escalation of Conflict
:Bosnian Crisis Austria and Russia sign Buchlau agreement Russian support of Austrian Dominance of Bosnia and Herzegovina Austrian support of use of Russian Crisis 1908: Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, humiliating Russia 1911: Second Moroccan Crisis 1911: Germans send Panther to Moroccan port 1912: British respond by sending their won warships into the region : Italo-Turkish War Italy defeats the Turks and takes control of Libya : First Balkan War 1912: Balkan League( Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece) defeat the Turks 1913: Treaty of London Ottoman Empire loses all European territory Albania created to halt Serbian expansion 1913: Second Balkan War Balkan League declare war against Bulgaria, forcing it to cede land to Serbia THE SPARK June 28, 1914: Slavic Nationalist assassinates Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife War is declared: Triple Entente vs. Austria, Germany, and Italy.

World War 1 (1914-1918) 1914-1917: War in the West
August 4, 1914: Germany starts Schlieffen plan and invades Belgium Battle of the Marne: French stop Germans 1916: Battle of Verdun-no advance (GR offensive) 1916: Battle of the Somme: Tanks first used; stalemate (BR/FR offensive) : War in the East Germans advance against Russia easily 1917: Germans have reached Rumunia, Russia agrees to settle 1917: TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK Russia gives up all German gains The USA enters the War Britain defeats Germany at Sea 1916: Battle of Jutland- only time Germany uses its navy Submarine Warfare 1915: U-Boat sinks Lusitania killing 139 Americans 1917: Germany renews warfare, sinks laconia Zimmerman telegram urges Mexico to go to War with US USA declares War on Germant Germany Falls 1918: Battle of the Bulge- Allied forces push through into Germany War ends

Treaty of Versailles Germany surrenders to Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points
Open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, a reduction of armaments, self-determination for the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman people, and League of Nations France wants reparations Italy wants land Treaty of Versailles Rhineland would be occupied for 15 years by allies Alsace and Lorraine would be governed by League of Nations for 15 years France would get all the Saar coal Poland created from much of Eastern Germany Article 231: Guilt Clause Germany lost all its colonies League of Nations was created, US and USSR not members 1919: Treaty of St. Germain reduced size of Austria Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Rumunia expanded and creqted

Russian Revolution 1917: March Revolution Provisional Government
War-weariness, food shortages, high inflation, and a corrupt government cause a rash of strikes in St. Petersburg Troops join the protestors, and Nicholas II abdicates Provisional Government Duma becomes head of Government, led by Geoge Lvov and Alexander Karensky Meanwhile Lenina and the Bolsheviks gain strength November Revolution Red Guard seized strategic locations in St. Petersburg Lenin declared new government Bolshevik Government Separate Church and State Organize secret police force Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk : Civil War Red Army easily defeats anti-Communist White Party

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Modernism and intellectual issues at the end of the Victorian period

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