1. National Unification and the National State
Chapter 12, Section 3

2. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
Crimean War
Russia vs Ottoman Empire
Russia wanted to expand into Ottoman-controlled Balkans
1853 – Russians invade Balkan lands
British and French step in to help Ottomans, fear Russian power grab and control of Mediterranean
Austria refuses to help Russia
Treaty of Paris of 1856 – Russia surrenders, the Great Powers now own provinces of Moldavia and Walachia
Effect – Concert of Europe ends
Austrian refusal to help Russia, France and Britain against Russia
Russia withdraws from European affairs

3. Italian Unification
Italian city-state of Piedmont begins unification quest
Ruled by Savoy family
Had to defeat Austrians to accomplish this, but needed help
Made an alliance with Louis Napoleon and France, then provoked war with Austria
France helped
Meanwhile, Giuseppe Garibaldi is raising an army of Italians
Called “red shirts” because of their clothing
Giuseppe takes the two Sicilies
Giuseppe gives up power to Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II named king of Italy

4. German Unification
Following failure of the Frankfurt Assembly, Germans looked to Prussia to lead unification
Known for large army and militarism, or reliance on military strength
One of the larger German states
In 1860s, King William I was denied right to enlarge army by Prussian legislature
Appoints Otto von Bismarck, who pushes through legislature to enlarge it
Used realpolitik, or politics based on practical matters, not theories
Bismarck took most of northern Germany, organized an alliance with southern Germany

5. German Unification Cont’d
Prussia and France soon became engaged in arguments for the successor of the Spanish throne
Bismarck takes advantage, lures France into war in 1870 (Franco-Prussian War)
Combined northern and southern German states dominate French troops, France surrenders in 1871
Southern German states agree to enter Northern German Confederation
William I of Prussia named kaiser, or emperor, of united Germany

6. Meanwhile, Across Europe…
Great Britain
Most stable in Europe
Granted more voting rights, increased jobs through Industrial Revolution
France
Louis Napoleon holds a plebiscite, or popular vote, to restore French Empire – 97% say “yes”
Emperor Napoleon III limited rights, created an authoritarian state
Lasted until 1871, when French were defeated by Prussia
Austria
After defeating rebels in , still saw protest
Defeat by Prussia hurt the government, forced them to consider granting rights
Austria-Hungary formed through Compromise of 1867
Russia
Following Crimean War, changes needed
Alexander issues emancipation edict, freeing serfs, gave land to them
Still did not create a happy people, as lands were often worst available

7. Nationalism in the United States
Following War of 1812 with Britain, surge of Nationalism that would be short lived
Right to vote available to most white males, but slavery still a problem
Abolitionism challenged slavery issue
December 1860 – secession begins
South separates from the North
American Civil War lasts from
United States forced to overcome slavery issue and Southern punishments together

8. Canada
Canada had been a British possession since 1763 – following Seven Years’ War
Over time, nationalist sentiment builds within colonies
British fear a Canadian rebellion that could result in Americans gaining land
1867 – Parliament passes British North America Act, establishing a Canadian nation

9. Exit Slip What were the causes and effects of the Crimean War?
How did Nationalism play into Italian unification?
How did Nationalism play into German unification?