1. The Russian Revolution
Communist Propaganda – Trotsky is seen here at a speech given by Lenin. Once he’s gone, Stalin had the picture altered where Trotsky is removed.

2. Russian Imperial Flag

3. A heterogeneous empire
Russian Expansion
A heterogeneous empire

4. Nicholas I [r ]
Autocracy!
Orthodoxy!
Nationalism!

5. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in Crimean War
Started reforms & Industrial Revolution
Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861]
Zemstvos formed
1864- judicial reforms
Expanded Russia’s boundaries
Stopped Populist Revolts and not People’s Will

6. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary…no more reforms!!!! Slavophil
Russification heightened
Pogroms toward Jews
Forced migration of Jews
‘Iron Fist’ rule
Harassed Catholics and Protestants
Tightened Censorship

7. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

8. Nicholas II (1894-1917) Last of the Romanovs
Encouraged industrialization
Trans Siberian Railroad
Still mainly an agriculture country
lots of rural poverty and overpopulation

9. Growth of Radicalism
Social Democrats- (Mensheviks and Bolsheviks) Marxist will split into these two groups. Lenin headed the Bolsheviks. Mainly industrial workers.
Socialist Revolution Party- mainly peasants and workers.
Union of Liberation- Middle class liberals who wanted a constitutional monarchy

10. 1905 Revolution
After loss to Japan (1904-5), government was seen as weak by the people
‘Bloody Sunday’- troops fired into peaceful crowd in St. Petersburg’s Winter Palace.
Caused demonstrations and strikes throughout Russia
October Manifesto Nicholas tries to stop outbreak, creates a constitution (Fundamental Laws) granting civil rights and creating a Duma & legalized political parties
Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, Octobrist (m.c. liberals), Cadets (const. demo’s)

12. Post Revolution
1906 & st and 2nd Duma’s created, but dissolved by Nicholas
1906 Agrarian Reform Act- gave peasants land hoping to create a landowning society who would vote for the conservatives
Too late…revolution and war will engulf Russia

13. CAUSES: World War I  Russia not prepared
Czar Nicholas II  Unpopular & Incompetent (Rasputin influence)
Hunger, War losses, unemployment

14. 1917
March 8, Bread March
March 10: Nicholas orders troops to put down revolt  Troops join revolt
March 15: Nicholas abdicates  Provisional Government Takes over

15. PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
Alexander Kerensky: Continued war out of pride
Duma: Main governing body
Petrograd Soviet
For workers to voice grievances
Leadership becomes more radical
Bolsheviks: Vladimir Lenin  Marxist beliefs

16. OCTOBER REVOLUTION November 6-7, 1917
Bolshevik forces seize Winter Palace and Provisional Government collapses
Britain, France, Japan and U.S. fear spread of socialism; send troops

17. CONSOLIDATING POWER
Lenin ends war: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918
Bringing peace gains the Bolsheviks the support of many people
July 1918 – Czar Nicholas II and family executed by Bolsheviks
Civil War begins

18. REDS vs. WHITES (Civil War)
REDS: Communists  fighting for single interest
Power spread due to well-disciplined army (Leon Trotsky)
United under one cause
WHITES: Anti-Communist  fighting against the communists
Failed due to: disunity
Multiple causes

19. RESULTS Reds retain control by using “The Red Terror”
Lack of foreign intervention: over 100,000 allied troops in Russia, fail to act
By 1922, Bolsheviks firmly in power-Soviet Union (USSR) created.

20. AFTERMATH Lenin dies in 1924
Although Trotsky had been most likely to succeed Lenin, he is outmaneuvered by Josef Stalin
Trotsky flees into exile (later assassinated)
Stalin leads USSR through WWII and into Cold War

21. Communist Propaganda – Trotsky is seen here at a speech given by Lenin
Communist Propaganda – Trotsky is seen here at a speech given by Lenin. Once he’s gone, Stalin had the picture altered where Trotsky is removed.

22. What is the difference in this picture? Why was this done?
Who do you think did this?
Question is: Who would do this, and why?

23. Communist Propaganda – Trotsky is seen here at a speech given by Lenin
Communist Propaganda – Trotsky is seen here at a speech given by Lenin. Once he’s gone, Stalin had the picture altered where Trotsky is removed.