1. End Show Slide 1 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

3. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 3 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Eukaryotic Cell Structures Structures within a eukaryotic cell that perform important cellular functions are known as organelles. Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The Cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus.

4. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 4 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Eukaryotic Cell Structures Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Vacuole Nucleolus Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall Cell membrane Chloroplast

5. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 5 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Eukaryotic Cell Structures Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Centrioles Animal Cell

6. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 6 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus What is the function of the nucleus?

7. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 7 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.

8. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 8 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus The Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores Chromatin

9. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 9 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of two membranes. The envelope is dotted with nuclear pores, which allow material to move in and out of the nucleus. Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores

10. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 10 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus The granular material in the nucleus is called chromatin. Chromatin consists of DNA bound to protein. Chromatin

11. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 11 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus When a cell divides, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. Chromosomes contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.

12. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 12 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus Most nuclei also contain a nucleolus. The nucleolus is where the assembly of ribosomes begins. Nucleolus

13. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 13 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ribosomes What is the function of the ribosomes?

14. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 14 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ribosomes One of the most important jobs carried out in the cell is making proteins. Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm.

15. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 15 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

16. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 16 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ribosomes Ribosomes produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus. Cells that are active in protein synthesis are often packed with ribosomes.

17. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 17 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Endoplasmic Reticulum What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

18. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 18 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Endoplasmic Reticulum Eukaryotic cells contain an internal membrane system called the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER. The endoplasmic reticulum is where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.

19. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 19 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum

20. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 20 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Endoplasmic Reticulum There are two types of ER—rough and smooth. The portion of the ER involved in protein synthesis is called rough endoplasmic reticulum, or rough ER. Ribosomes are found on the surface of rough ER. Rough ER is abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export.

21. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 21 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER does not have ribosomes on its surface. Smooth ER contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, such as synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification of drugs.

22. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 22 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Golgi Apparatus What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

23. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 23 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Golgi Apparatus Proteins produced in the rough ER move into the Golgi apparatus.

24. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 24 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus appears as a stack of closely apposed membranes.

25. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 25 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. From the Golgi apparatus, proteins are then “shipped” to their final destinations throughout the cell or outside of the cell.

26. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 26 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Golgi Apparatus What is the function of lysosomes?

27. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 27 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lysosomes Lysosomes are small organelles filled with enzymes. Lysosomes break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. Lysosomes also break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.

28. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 28 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Vacuoles What is the function of vacuoles?

29. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 29 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Vacuoles Some cells contain saclike structures called vacuoles that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

30. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 30 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Vacuoles In many plant cells there is a single, large central vacuole filled with liquid. The pressure of the central vacuole allows plants to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers. Vacuole

31. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 31 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Vacuoles Vacuoles are also found in some unicellular organisms and in some animals. The paramecium contains a contractile vacuole that pumps excess water out of the cell. Contractile vacuole

32. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 32 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mitochondria and Chloroplasts What is the function of the mitochondria?

33. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 33 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondrion Mitochondria Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

34. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 34 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes—an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The inner membrane is folded up inside the organelle.

35. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 35 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mitochondria and Chloroplasts What is the function of chloroplasts?

36. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 36 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Chloroplast Chloroplasts Plants and some other organisms contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.

37. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 37 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are surrounded by two membranes. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

38. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 38 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cytoskeleton What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

39. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 39 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cytoskeleton Eukaryotic cells are given their shape and internal organization by the cytoskeleton.

40. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 40 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement. The cytoskeleton is made up of: microfilaments microtubules

41. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 41 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane Microtubule Microfilament

42. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 42 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Microfilaments: are threadlike structures made up of the protein actin. form extensive networks in some cells. produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell. help some cells move.

43. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 43 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cytoskeleton Microtubules Microtubules are hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins. Microtubules: maintain cell shape. are important in cell division. build projections from the cell surface—cilia and flagella—that enable some cells to swim rapidly through liquids.

44. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 44 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cytoskeleton In animal cells, structures known as centrioles are formed from tubulin. Centrioles are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division.

45. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 45 of 49 Tay-Sachs A lysosomal malfunction When structures called lysosomes inside nerve cells of the brain don’t work, then these nerve cells die. This is Tay-Sachs. Animation

46. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 46 of 49 Pompe Disease Inherited disorder caused by the buildup of a complex sugar called glycogen in the body's cells. A defective digestive enzyme does not break down the glycogen. The accumulation of glycogen in certain organs and tissues, especially muscles, impairs their ability to function normally and can lead to death. What cell organelle is involved? http://www.pompe.com/patient/learning/pc_eng_pt_lsds.asp

47. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 47 of 49 Leigh’s Disease It is an inherited disorder that usually affects infants between the age of 3 months 2 years, but in rare cases, teenagers and adults as well. It causes degradation of motor skills and eventually death. Name this Organelle. What might happen if this organelle doesn’t function properly?

48. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 48 of 49 Leigh’s Disease It is due to mitochondrial malfunction. Mitochondria are unique in that they carry their own type of DNADNA, [mtDNA]. The information stored in the mtDNA is used in the creation of new mitochondria.

49. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 49 of 49 Leigh’s Disease In the case of Leigh's disease, crucial cells in the brain stem have mutated mtDNA, creating poorly functioning mitochondria. This causes a chronic lack of energy in these cells, which, in turn, affects the central nervous system and inhibits one's motor skills. Life expectancy is usually about a year within the onset of Symptoms.

50. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 50 of 49 The ER & Golgi Complex These cell structures play an essential role in the transporting, sorting and targeting of proteins to various parts of the cell. Despite what is known,there are still many unanswered questions concerning the exact mechanisms involved with sorting and transporting cellular cargo throughout the cell. Name these 3 important cell organelles. What do they do? ? ? ?

51. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 51 of 49 ER/Golgi Function This is an important area of investigation since many diseases such as Alzheimer Disease, Batten's disease, and a host of other protein and lipid storage diseases are a result of cells miss-sorting protein and lipids to the wrong locations in the cell.

52. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 52 of 49 Cystic Fibrosis Malfunction of the cell membrane: Cystic Fibrosis – One of the causes of the symptoms of cystic fibrosis is a defect in the calcium and chlorine ion channels in the cell membranes, thus producing abnormal amounts of fluid and salts in specific organs.

53. End Show 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Slide 53 of 49 It is important to understand how cells function so we can better understand these illnesses and the many others caused by cellular malfunctions. Only then can we develop effective treatments and perhaps cures!

54. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 54 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2

55. End Show Slide 55 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 In the nucleus of a cell, the DNA is usually visible as a.a dense region called the nucleolus. b.the nuclear envelope. c.granular material called chromatin. d.condensed bodies called chloroplasts.

56. End Show Slide 56 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 Two functions of vacuoles are storing materials and helping to a.break down organelles. b.assemble proteins. c.maintain homeostasis. d.make new organelles.

57. End Show Slide 57 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 Chloroplasts are found in the cells of a.plants only. b.plants and some other organisms. c.all eukaryotes. d.most prokaryotes.

58. End Show Slide 58 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus? a.synthesize proteins. b.modify proteins. c.sort proteins. d.package proteins.

59. End Show Slide 59 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton? a.manufactures new cell organelles b.assists in movement of some cells from one place to another c.releases energy in cells d.modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

60. END OF SECTION

61. Organelles for Assignment a) Nucleus b) Cytoplasm c) Cell wall d) Cell membrane e) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum f) Rough endoplasmic reticulum g) Golgi apparatus h) Ribosome i) Mitochondria j) Chloroplast k) Lysosomes l) Centrioles m) Vacuoles n) Flagella o) Cilia p) Nucleolus